Premature ejaculation (PE) is a prevalent male sexual dysfunction that affects as many as 20-30% of men regardless of age and ethnicity.The International Society for Sexual Medicine defines premature ejaculation as a male sexual dysfunction characterised by ejaculation that always or nearly always occurs before or within about 1 minute of vaginal penetration from the first sexual experience (lifelong premature ejaculation) or a clinically significant and bothersome reduction in latency time, often to about 3 minutes or less (acquired premature ejaculation), the inability to delay ejaculation on all or nearly all vaginal penetrations and with negative personal consequences include distress, bother, frustration, and avoidance of sexual intimacy.

Oral intake of tricyclic antidepressants and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) has emerged as effective for patients with PE whether or not these patients suffered from depression. Sildenafil, a phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor (PDE5i), was tried for premature ejaculation, and in one study associated with paroxetine (a SSRI), with IELT (intravaginal ejaculation latency time) going from 0.35 to 4.5 min.

Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) plays an important role at the level of the central nervous system in the complex regulatory mechanisms involved in ejaculation. In clinical practice, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants (e.g., paroxetine, fluoxetine and sertraline) and the tricyclic antidepressant clomipramine are widely used to treat lifelong PE, suggesting that 5-HT and SSRIs play roles in the pathophysiology and treatment of PE. In this group, paroxetine and sertraline are often used effectively to treat PE, although none of these agents have been officially recognized as treatments for this condition.

SSRIs increase synaptic 5-HT concentrations in the ejaculation-related areas of the central nervous system by blocking 5-HT transporters. The serotonin transporter (5-HTT) plays an important role in the clearance of synaptic 5-HT, thereby regulating presynaptic and postsynaptic 5-HT receptor stimulation. Human 5-HTT is encoded by a single gene (SLC6A4) on chromosome 17q12. A polymorphism in the transcribed region can be caused by a 44-bp insertion ('long allele' [L]) or deletion ('short allele' [S]).

The transcriptional activity of the L allele has been reported to be twice as high as the S allele. Theoretically, men with one or more S alleles for the 5-HTT have fewer functioning transporters and could therefore lead to a higher serotonergic neurotransmission. Consequently, it is postulated that men with SS genotype have longer IELT durations than men with LL genotype.In the literature, a variety of findings have been reported concerning the relationship between 5-HTT polymorphism and the SSRI response.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Patients with PE: Men aged 18-60 years with a diagnosis of PE according to the International Society for Sexual Medicine (ISSM) criteria.
• Healthy controls: Men aged 18-60 years without a history of PE or other sexual dysfunctions.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Other sexual dysfunctions: Erectile dysfunction, delayed ejaculation, or other sexual disorders.
• Cardiovascular disease: history of cardiovascular disease, hypertension, or stroke.
• Neurological or psychiatric disorders: Conditions that may affect sexual function, such as depression, anxiety, or Parkinson's disease.
• Medications affecting sexual function: Current use of medications that may impact sexual function, such as antidepressants or antipsychotics.