1. Length of Root Filling Ideal: 0-2 mm short of the radiographic apex Overfilling: Beyond the apex - may lead to periapical irritation Underfilling: More than 2 mm short - associated with poor prognosis Measuring unit: millimeters (mm) from the radiographic apex

Criteria: No visible voids in: Canal system, Between gutta-percha and canal wall Assessment: Radiographic inspection (digital or analog) Measuring tool: Qualitative (visual rating) or CBCT grayscale values for homogeneity

Criteria: Voids indicate poor condensation or adaptation Assessment tools: Periapical radiographs, CBCT. Measuring unit: Number, size (mm or μm), or volume (%) of voids

if Retreatment was needed, local anesthesia using 1.8 ml (one cartridge) of 4% articaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine local anesthetic solution, administered with end -loading cartridge aspirating syringe and a 27-gauge long needle. Under rubber dam isolation, All carious tissue and existing coronal restorations were thoroughly removed using a round bur, an endodontic access cavity, canal preparation and removal of existing root canal filling, irrigation with 2.6% NAOCL and saline, determining the working length using apex locator and PA radiograph, to be 0.5 to 1 mm shorter than radiographic apex, Drying the canal with paper point and obturation to achieve a dense, well adapted Monoblock obturation. A post-obturation periapical radiograph was taken to confirm the quality of the fill in terms of length, density, then sealed by a temporary restorative material.

Length of Root Filling Ideal: 0-2 mm short of the radiographic apex Overfilling: Beyond the apex - may lead to periapical irritation Underfilling: More than 2 mm short - associated with poor prognosis Measuring unit: millimeters (mm) from the radiographic apex