Epidural analgesia is the gold standard for labor pain management, widely recommended by the WHO and included in Italy's essential levels of care (LEA) since 2017. Despite its clinical benefits and high maternal satisfaction, the procedure remains technically challenging, particularly for anesthesia residents. In our institution, around 40% of laboring women request epidural analgesia.

Successful epidural placement requires mastering a complex skillset. Recent studies highlight that simulation-based training significantly enhances learning for novice practitioners. This single-center, prospective, randomized controlled trial aims to evaluate whether a pre-rotation simulator-based training improves the success rate of epidural catheter placement among anesthesia residents.

Participants will be randomly assigned to either the intervention group (simulation training plus anatomy lecture) or the control group (standard in vivo training only). The primary outcome is the number of successful catheter placements (defined as completed procedure without tutor intervention). Secondary outcomes include procedure time, complication rates, and satisfaction scores from the residents. The study will involve anesthesia residents in their 4th or 5th year rotating in the labor ward of the Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova. A sample size of 86 participants (43 per group) is required, and data collection will occur over three years.

Epidural analgesia remains the most effective method to relieve pain during labor. It acts on both visceral and somatic pain pathways and is particularly recommended in various maternal and fetal indications, such as twin pregnancies, induced labor, and high-risk maternal conditions (e.g., obesity, preeclampsia, diabetes). Despite its widespread use, epidural placement is technically demanding, especially in laboring women who are in pain, exhausted, and often overweight.

This complexity is further compounded by the fact that fewer open surgeries are being performed in training settings, which limits residents' opportunities to practice epidural catheter placement under optimal conditions. Hence, the use of simulation-based training has become increasingly important.

The aim of this study is to assess whether prior training with high-fidelity epidural simulators improves the technical success of novice anesthesia residents. Simulation sessions will utilize models already available at the teaching center (Kyoto Kagaku Lumbar Puncture and Epidural Anesthesia Simulators).

This open-label, randomized, single-center interventional study will recruit anesthesia residents with less than 20 previous epidural placements. Residents will be allocated into two groups (simulation vs. control) and further stratified by experience level (novice <20 vs. intermediate >20 prior procedures). Those in the simulation group will receive a frontal anatomy lecture and a 3-hour practical session on simulators before their labor ward rotation.

All procedures will be performed under supervision, and outcome assessors will complete structured CRFs for each attempt. Data will be pseudonymized and stored securely. Analyses will include both parametric and non-parametric tests, with a significance level of p < 0.05. The trial complies with GCP standards and ethical guidelines, and informed consent will be obtained from all participants.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Residents in Anesthesia
• Informed Consent

Exclusion Criteria:

• An experience of 20 or more epidural catheter positioning
• Experience with epidural simulator