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This study aims to compare pain severity and analgesic requirements between smokers and nonsmokers following laparoscopic cholecystectomy, evaluating the efficacy of two analgesics, tramadol and nalbuphine.
The primary objectives are to estimate pain severity in smokers versus nonsmokers and identify the effect of tramadol and nalbuphine between these groups.A comparative cross-Sectional design will be employed from Allama Iqbal Teaching Hospital, DG Khan, over four months. Participants will be stratified into subgroups receiving either tramadol or nalbuphine.
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Comparative cross sectional | Diagnostic Test | evaluating the efficacy of two analgesics, tramadol and nalbuphine. The primary objectives are to estimate pain severity in smokers versus nonsmokers and identify the effect of tramadol and nalbuphine between these groups |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Visual Analog Scale (VAS) | The Visual Analog Scale (VAS) is a tool used to measure pain intensity, mood, or other subjective experiences. It typically involves a 10 cm (100mm) line with descriptive anchors at each end, such as "no pain" and "worst pain imaginable | 12 Months |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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The study anticipates revealing significant variations in pain perception and analgesic requirements, potentially guiding tailored perioperative protocols for smokers. By addressing gaps in pain management strategies specific to smoking status, this research could enhance postoperative recovery outcomes and inform clinical practices for optimizing analgesia in diverse patient populations.
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Allama Iqbal Teaching hospital | Dera Ghazi Khan | Punjab Province | Pakistan |
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