This study aims to investigate the factors influencing the risk of postoperative visceral pain in patients undergoing abdominal surgery. The goal is to develop and validate a predictive model for assessing the risk of postoperative visceral pain, in order to guide individualized preoperative interventions and pain management strategies.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Patients undergoing elective abdominal surgery under general anesthesia (including gynecological procedures and general surgery such as gastrointestinal, hepatobiliary, etc.);
• Aged between 18 and 70 years;
• Classified as American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status II-III;
• Expected surgery duration ≥ 2 hours.

Exclusion Criteria:

• History of previous abdominal surgery;
• Diagnosed with chronic pain;
• Long-term use of analgesics or other psychotropic medications;
• Preoperative emergency condition;
• Presence of severe comorbidities involving major organ systems;
• Failure to complete postoperative pain follow-up.

Patients aged 18 to 70 years who are scheduled to undergo elective abdominal surgery under general anesthesia (including gynecological and general surgeries such as gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary procedures), with an ASA physical status of II to III, and an expected surgery duration of 2 hours or more.

The individual participant data for this study is available from the sponsor on reasonable request through email.

Five years after the study