• Motor-Cognitive Training Program: Game-based physical activities targeting cognitive and motor domains (e.g., running drills, hand skills, stability tasks). Exercises progressed weekly in complexity and duration. Sessions lasted 25-30 minutes, twice weekly.

• Regular PE classes only; no additional physical or motor training permitted.

Participants assigned to the intervention group participated in a structured motor-cognitive training program in addition to their regular physical education (PE) classes. The training was designed to integrate physical movement with cognitive engagement in a game-based format, suitable for the preschool age group.

The program was conducted twice weekly for eight weeks, with each session lasting approximately 25-30 minutes. Activities progressed in complexity over time, incorporating elements of motor planning, executive functioning, and balance control. Sessions consisted of:

Warm-up phase: Light aerobic activities such as jogging, dynamic stretching, and coordination drills (e.g., knee pulls, toe walking).

Main training phase: Activities targeting core cognitive-motor domains l

Evaluates inhibitory control, a core component of executive functioning. Participants are required to respond quickly to target stimuli (e.g., "X") while inhibiting responses to non-target stimuli (e.g., "O"). Measures include:

Number of correct responses (go trials)

Number of commission errors (false responses to no-go trials)

Reaction time (latency) to correct go stimuli

Duration: ~5 minutes and 40 seconds

Assesses executive functioning, including planning, problem-solving, and cognitive flexibility. Participants solve a visual puzzle by moving disks across pegs, following specific rules. Performance variables include:

• Number of moves to solution
• Total task completion time
• Average time per move
• Latency to first move (planning time)

Balance was assessed using the Sensbalance MiniBoard, a validated interactive platform that captures both static and proprioceptive balance. Two types of balance tasks were used:

Static Balance Test: Participants were instructed to maintain a stable position on the balance board while keeping a ball centered within a visual target zone on the screen.

The performance level (%) was calculated using the formula: (1 - Measured Sway Amplitude / Maximum Allowable Sway) × 100, indicating the participant's ability to maintain balance within defined limits.