Many Veterans who have chronic conditions like cardiovascular disease or diabetes smoke or drink too much alcohol, which can worsen the condition. Veterans are asked yearly about drinking/smoking and providers provide a brief advice discussion focused on behavior change. However, many Veterans continue to drink or smoke, and are often not interested in higher-intensity, change-based referrals. The investigators recently piloted MINDSET, an intervention that fills this gap. MINDSET is a proactive, population-based intervention that uses a mailed packet with tailored education about how drinking/smoking relate to the Veteran's condition (heart conditions and/or diabetes), followed by a brief motivational call. The investigators will test MINDSET's effectiveness versus usual primary care on outcomes including intention to change and substance use and evaluate the relationships between these and other variables over time.

Background: Chronic diseases are prevalent, costly, and have been linked to increased risk of mortality and morbidity in Veterans. Hazardous alcohol use and cigarette smoking can significantly exacerbate these negative consequences for Veterans. To help mitigate risk, VHA primary care health initiatives have prioritized hazardous alcohol use and cigarette smoking and have mandated that patients be annually screened and receive a brief intervention (primary care intervention delivered by the patient-aligned care team; PACT) if positive. However, many Veterans continue to smoke and/or hazardously drink. Current VHA treatment options do not meet the needs of these reticent Veterans. Motivational Intervention Designed for Self-management and EducaTion (MINDSET) is an evidence-based, remote, low-resource intervention that uses a motivational approach to increase change intentions within the context of their chronic disease.

Significance: Most healthcare costs come from Veterans with chronic diseases (e.g., cardiovascular disease; CVD), which are worsened by hazardous alcohol use and smoking. This research addresses multiple VHA priorities through its focus on increasing access to care for a subgroup of reticent Veterans with chronic disease. MINDSET's integrated focus on smoking and hazardous drinking in the context of chronic disease management aligns with Veteran's priorities, and diabetes and CVD were a top ranked health concern by Veterans. This work is also very well aligned with several HSR&D Priorities, including Complex Chronic Disease Management, Mental & Behavioral Health, Women's Health, Aging, and Access to Care.

Innovation & Impact: MINDSET's design, which recognizes the competing demands within medical settings, intentionally utilizes universal and accessible dissemination methods (e.g., mail and telephone) to decrease burden while increasing reach and impact. This study uniquely fills a gap in VHA and HSR&D research as there are no evidence-based interventions tailored for this subgroup of reticent Veterans who smoke and/or drink above recommended limits and have co-occurring CVD, cardiac risk factors, and/or diabetes. The impact potential is high, as moving this subgroup of reticent Veterans toward changing smoking/hazardous drinking will dramatically decrease their health risks and healthcare costs.

Specific Aims: The proposed work will evaluate MINDSET+usual care (UC) in comparison to UC alone (brief primary care advice) on precursors to change (i.e., behavioral control, intention to change), and substance consumption.

Methodology: The investigators will conduct a type 1 hybrid effectiveness-implementation RCT, where enrolled Veterans will be randomized to either the intervention condition UC (i.e., primary care brief advice) alone or (usual care [UC]+MINDSET). Assessments will occur every 4 weeks, with comprehensive assessments every 3 months for one year. The investigators will utilize a stratified block randomization method based on whether Veterans report only smoking, only hazardously drinking, or both. The investigator's primary outcome will assess participants' intention to change each behavior separately, and a total summed score across items divided by the number of items endorsed (based on behaviors engaged in) will be utilized to summarize their overall intention to change. It is important to note that Veterans will be recruited nationally for this fully telehealth-based study.

Next Steps/Implementation: If MINDSET is effective, additional implementation research/efforts will be proposed.

Inclusion Criteria:

• an active diagnosis of diabetes, cardiovascular disease (CVD), or a cardiovascular risk factor (hypertension {HTN}, hyperlipidemia {HLD}) AND signs of reticence to change their smoking and/or alcohol use as evidenced by the two consecutive prior screens being positive for hazardous (e.g., Alcohol Use Disorders Test-Consumption [AUDC], and/or smoking (I.e., whether they are a current smoker or not).
• Confirmation of smoking and/or drinking status during telephone screening (e.g., Alcohol Use Disorders Test-Consumption [AUDC], and/or smoking (I.e., whether they are a current smoker or not).
• Veteran
• Age 18 years
• utilize VA for medical care more than 1 time per year
• are due to complete their smoking/alcohol use screen in approximately 3 months (to ensure they will likely receive UC during intervention period)
• a scheduled PC appointment within the intervention period.

Exclusion Criteria:

• dementia or severe cognitive impairment per Problem List

• significant visual impairment per Problem List

• Other Exclusion criteria assessed by study staff during screening/self-report are:

  • inability to communicate or read in English;
  • Hearing impairment; and
  • cognitive impairment or screening for cognitive impairment (>=weighted score of 10 on Blessed screener).

Outcomes assessors will be blinded to the condition of the Veteran at all assessment time points.