Biological Age as a Prognostic Marker in Hospitalized Patients With Advanced Cancer: A Retrospective Analysis Based on PhenoAge Model
Biological Age as a Prognostic Marker in Hospitalized Patients With Advanced Cancer: A Retrospective Analysis Based on PhenoAge Model
This retrospective study evaluates whether biological age, calculated using the PhenoAge model, predicts short-term outcomes in patients with advanced cancer who were hospitalized. The main goal is to investigate associations between biological age and short-term mortality, functional status (ECOG), comorbidity burden (mCCI), and length of hospital stay. All data were collected from medical records without any patient intervention.
This is a retrospective observational study including hospitalized adult patients with stage III or IV solid tumors admitted to Etlik City Hospital between November 5, 2022 and December 31, 2024. Patients were included if they stayed for ≥48 hours and had all required laboratory values for calculating biological age using the Levine PhenoAge model. The study aimed to evaluate the association between biological age and (1) 30- and 90-day mortality, (2) ECOG performance score, (3) modified Charlson Comorbidity Index (mCCI), and (4) hospital length of stay. Regression and survival analyses were used to identify prognostic factors. All data were anonymized and collected retrospectively from hospital records.
Inclusion Criteria:
Histologically confirmed advanced-stage (stage III-IV) solid tumors
Age ≥18 years
Hospital stay of at least 48 hours
Actively receiving chemotherapy or received it within the last 6 months
Availability of all 9 required laboratory tests (albumin, creatinine, glucose, CRP, lymphocyte %, MCV, RDW, ALP, WBC) for PhenoAge calculation during the first admission
Patients with multiple hospitalizations who meet the inclusion criteria will be included
Exclusion Criteria:
Patients who died during the first admission
Missing required laboratory parameters
ICU patients and unconscious patients