The purpose of the study is to compare 2 primary care based telehealth interventions- 1) digital health coaching and 2) remote patient monitoring for improving glycemic (blood sugar levels) control and overall health outcomes in individuals with physical disabilities, type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and at least one chronic condition. The project aims to determine which intervention is more effective in reducing blood sugar levels, improving patient-reported outcomes such as diabetes-related distress, and facilitating the implementation of these approaches in real-world primary care settings serving vulnerable populations. The findings intend to inform about optimal telehealth strategies for managing multiple chronic conditions in underserved groups, there by supporting improved health equity and quality of care.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) defines chronic diseases as conditions that last one year or more and require ongoing medical attention, limit activities of daily living, or both. Six in 10 adults in the U.S. are reported to have at least one chronic condition, while four in 10 adults in the U.S. are reported to have two or more chronic conditions.T2DM is one of the chronic conditions in the U.S. population that has been gradually increasing over the years. Over 34.2 million U.S. adults are affected by diabetes mellitus (DM); T2DM accounts for 90-95% of these.T2DM is often associated with other cardiometabolic diseases such as hypertension and obesity.T2DM is one of the strongest risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD), which are among the leading causes of death in the U.S. T2DM also results in physical disability because of complications such as leg amputation and vision loss.

Individuals with physical disabilities face a disproportionate burden of T2DM and related chronic conditions, exacerbated by suboptimal social determinants of health (SDoH) such as reduced healthcare access and economic inequities.In general, 50-60% of disparities in T2DM outcomes can be attributed to social determinants of health (SDoH). SDoH are defined as the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age. Physical disability has an intimate relationship with SDoH such as race/ethnicity, sex, socioeconomic status, geographic location, access to and quality of healthcare, etc. Transformation from the status of able-bodied person to the status of disability leads to a disparity and decline in SDoH of these individuals in terms of geographic location, healthcare access, transportation, economic support, food security, and so on.

Teleheath interventions, including digital health coaching (DHC) and remote patient monitoring(RPM), have emerged as promising strategies to address these disaprtiites, improve glycemic control, and overcome barriers to care. Developing an optimal, interdisciplinary primary care delivery model incorporating digital health coaching or RPM may play a crucial role in overcoming the obstacle of suboptimal patient-physician communication by enhancing both physician and patient satisfaction and improving population health. Both digital health coaching and RPM address SDoH, are being implemented by health systems, and show evidence of effectiveness through trials as well as real-world effectiveness.

However, there exists a clear evidence gap about which of these two interventions are superior and will best optimize population health outcomes. Further, there is an evidence gap about how these telehealth interventions may help people with physical disabilities and multiple chronic conditions and affect their long-term outcomes. The project design addresses this critical gaps identified in earlier research. While both interventions (RPM and DHC) show promise individually, no direct comparisons exist in populations with physical disabilities- a group disproportionally affteced by diabtese and access barriers. Previous studies often excluded this demographic or focused on single chronic conditions, despite evidence that multimorbidity complicates self-management. Aditionally, implementation science gaps presists regarding workflow integration in real-world primary car settings serving vulnerable groups.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Physical Disability
2. Diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes
3. Hemoglobin A1c ≥7% within 3 months of screening
4. Must have at least 1 additional chronic conditions from the list below Hypertension Congestive Heart Failure Coronary Artery Disease Hyperlipidemia Stroke Arthritis Asthma Cancer Chronic Kidney Disease (Stages 1-4) COPD Osteoporosis Multiple Sclerosis Parkinsons

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Intellectual, Learning, Developmental Disabilities
2. Non-english speakers
3. Currently pregnant
4. Significant vision loss preventing use of phone/tablet for interventions
5. Received Remote Patient Monitoring or Digital Health Coaching for T2DM management within 30 days of enrollment
6. End-stage kidney disease (on dialysis)
7. Does not report having a physical disability
8. Perceived unwillingness or inability to participate