Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
This study aimed to examine the impact of long-term smoking on dry eye parameters and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in individuals who are chronic smokers.
Dry eye disease (DED) is a multifaceted disorder of the ocular surface characterized by instability of the tear film, which subsequently leads to symptoms such as ocular discomfort, visual disturbances, and potential damage to the surface of the eye.
Cigarette smoking has been recognized as a possible contributing factor to the development of DED, with various reports suggesting that it may alter tear film composition and stability, leading to ocular surface damage.
Chronic smoking can lead to oxidative stress, vascular dysfunction, and inflammation, which may contribute to retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thinning and optic nerve damage.
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Group A | Non-smokers. |
| |
| Group B | Chronic smokers (≥1 pack/day for ≥10 years). |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry eye assessment | Other | Dry eye assessment was performed using the Mediworks Dry Eye Diagnostic System. |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Non-invasive tear film breakup time | Non-invasive tear film breakup time (NIBUT) was automatically analyzed using artificial intelligence, with results classified as Grade 0 (normal, first rupture time >10s), Grade 1 (warning, 6- 9s), or Grade 2 (dry eye, ≤5s) | During examination (Baseline) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Tear meniscus height | Tear meniscus height (TMH) values above 0.2mm were considered healthy, while lipid layer thickness was graded from 1 (<30nm) to 4 (>80nm). | During examination (Baseline) |
| Lipid layer thickness |
Not provided
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
Not provided
Not provided
This observational case-control study was conducted on a total of 100 eyes from 50 patients.
Not provided
Not provided
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cairo University | Cairo | 12613 | Egypt |
The data will be available upon a reasonable request from the corresponding author after the end of study for one year.
After the end of study for one year.
The data will be available upon a reasonable request from the corresponding author.
Not provided
Not provided
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D015352 | Dry Eye Syndromes |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D007766 | Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases |
| D005128 | Eye Diseases |
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Lipid layer thickness was graded from 1 (<30nm) to 4 (>80nm).
| During examination (Baseline) |
| Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) score | The ocular surface disease index (OSDI) score was categorized as normal (≤12), mild (13-22), moderate (23-32), or severe (≥33). | During examination (Baseline) |
| Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness | Retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness was measured using Fourier-domain OCT Optovue RTVue (Optovue Inc., Fremont, CA, USA). | During examination (Baseline) |
| Correlations between dry eye parameters and Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) score | Correlations between dry eye parameters and Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) score was assessed. | During examination (Baseline) |
| Correlations between dry eye parameters and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness in both groups | Correlations between dry eye parameters and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness in both groups was assessed. | During examination (Baseline) |