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This study is an exercise intervention assessing the efficacy of a velocity-based resistance training (VBRT) in institutionalized older adults.
The aim of this study is to assess the effects of one year of velocity-based resistance training on skeletal muscle mass, muscle function, and physical and cognitive function in older adults living in nursing homes.
Evidence supports the fact that resistance exercise training is effective in improving old adult's health and palliate age-related disorders. New approaches in resistance training are emerging to maximize monitoring control, providing more tailored and potentially more effective exercise interventions. Among them, the velocity-based resistance training (VBRT) is being established in healthy populations or populations with pathologies. However, the effects of long-term VBRT in institutionalized older adults are still unknown.
Thus, the aim of this study is to assess the effects of one year of velocity-based resistance training on skeletal muscle mass, muscle function, and physical and cognitive function in older adults living in nursing homes.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exercise Group | Experimental | a 2-day-a-week resistance training (RT) routine using the velocity-based method in the leg press exercise at 60% of the theoretical maximal isometric strength |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exercise | Other | All participants will conduct a 2-day-a-week resistance training (RT) routine using the velocity-based method in the leg press exercise for one year. A tailored and constant intensity will be performed at 60% of the theoretical maximal isometric strength (F0) during the training intervention. Participants will conduct 3-4 sets, individualizing the repetitions numbers until they reach a velocity loss of 10-20%. A rest of 2 minutes was imposed between sets. A standardized warm-up will preced all RT session as follows: 4 minutes walking at usual gait speed and 6 minutes performing dynamic balance exercises. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in muscle power | Muscle power assessed in leg press machine and sit to stand test. | T0 (baseline); T1 (post 6 weeks); T2 (post 12 weeks); T3 (post 23 weeks) and T4 (post 39 weeks). |
| Changes in neuromuscular performance of lower-body | Change in the force-velocity relationship in leg press exercise. | T0 (baseline); T1 (post 6 weeks); T2 (post 12 weeks); T3 (post 23 weeks) and T4 (post 39 weeks). |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in physical function based on the Short Physical Performance Battery score | The Short Physical Performance Battery score ranges from 0 to 12 points. Higher scores indicate better physical function, while lower scores reflect poorer physical function. | T0 (baseline); T1 (post 6 weeks); T2 (post 12 weeks); T3 (post 23 weeks) and T4 (post 39 weeks). |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Julian Alcazar, PhD | University of Castilla-La Mancha | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| University of Castilla-La Mancha | Toledo | Toledo | 45071 | Spain |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 42232718 | Derived | Buendia-Romero A, Gutierrez-Reguero H, Romero-Valia L, Higueras-Liebana E, Garcia-Aguirre M, Garcia-Albin D, Rosado Artalejo A, Torres Bertos A, Garcia-Garcia FJ, Alegre LM, Ara I, Alcazar J. Velocity-based resistance training in institutionalized older adults: protocol for an experimental study with follow-up. Front Aging. 2026 May 18;7:1827269. doi: 10.3389/fragi.2026.1827269. eCollection 2026. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000073496 | Frailty |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D010335 | Pathologic Processes |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D015444 | Exercise |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009043 | Motor Activity |
| D009068 | Movement |
| D009142 | Musculoskeletal Physiological Phenomena |
| D055687 | Musculoskeletal and Neural Physiological Phenomena |
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| Change in frailty (score) using Fried's Frailty Criteria and Frailty Trait Scale - Short Form | Fried's frailty phenotype based on five criteria (habitual gait speed, handgrip strength , involuntary weight loss, exhaustion and low physical activity). The score ranges from 0 to 5, where each criterion met counts as one point. A score of 0 indicates best status, while a score of 5 indicates worst status. Frailty Trait Scale - Short Form evaluates 5 domains, including body mass index, physical activity, static balance, habitual gait speed and handgrip strength. The score ranges from 0 to 50, where each criterion met counts as one point. A score of 0 indicates best status, while a score of 50 indicates worst status. | T0 (baseline); T1 (post 6 weeks); T2 (post 12 weeks); T3 (post 23 weeks) and T4 (post 39 weeks). |
| Change in muscle mass using ultrasonography. | Muscle Cross-sectional area quadriceps femoris were assessed using ultrasonography. | T0 (baseline); T1 (post 6 weeks); T2 (post 12 weeks); T3 (post 23 weeks) and T4 (post 39 weeks). |
| Change in disability using Barthel and Lawton scales | The Lawton scale assesses the ability to use the telephone, shopping, cooking, household duties, laundry, use of transportation, responsibility for their medication and handling of economic matters. Each item is assigned a numerical value (1 = independent, 0 = dependent), therefore, the maximum dependence would be marked by obtaining 0 points (worst) and total independence by obtaining 8 points (best). The Barthel index is a 10-item questionnaire that provides information about the autonomy to cook food, wash, dress, groom, perform bowel movements and urination, go to the toilet, move from the bed to the chair, walk and climb stair.The total score ranges from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating greater independence (best), and lower scores indicating higher levels of dependence in basic daily activities (worst). | T0 (baseline); T1 (post 6 weeks); T2 (post 12 weeks); T3 (post 23 weeks) and T4 (post 39 weeks). |
| Change in cognitive function using Mini-Mental State Examination | Mini-Mental State Examination score ranges from 0 to 30 points. A higher score indicates better cognitive function, while a lower score reflects greater cognitive impairment. | T0 (baseline); T1 (post 6 weeks); T2 (post 12 weeks); T3 (post 23 weeks) and T4 (post 39 weeks). |
| Change in handgrip strength | Change in maximum voluntary isometric handgrip strength, measured using a digital dynamometer. | T0 (baseline); T1 (post 6 weeks); T2 (post 12 weeks); T3 (post 23 weeks) and T4 (post 39 weeks). |