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This cross-sectional observational study aimed to assess electronic health literacy and artificial intelligence literacy among individuals diagnosed with fibromyalgia syndrome, with particular focus on artificial intelligence literacy. Although general health literacy has been investigated in this patient population, digital and artificial intelligence-related competencies have not been sufficiently studied. The research included 106 individuals diagnosed with fibromyalgia syndrome and 106 age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers, recruited between December 2024 and May 2025. All participants completed a series of standardized questionnaires, including the Revised Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire, the Beck Depression Inventory, the Beck Anxiety Inventory, the Electronic Health Literacy Scale, and the Artificial Intelligence Literacy Scale. The study explored demographic, clinical, and psychological factors associated with digital and artificial intelligence literacy levels among both patient and control groups.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| the patient group | Patients aged 18 to 50 who attended the Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation outpatient clinic at Bozok University Faculty of Medicine, met the 2016 American College of Rheumatology fibromyalgia diagnostic criteria, demonstrated adequate cognitive function, were literate, and consented to participate were enrolled as the patient group |
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| The control group | The control group consisted of healthy volunteers matched to the patient group in terms of age and sex, aged 18-50 years, with intact cognitive function and literacy skills, no reported health issues, and who willingly consented to participate in the study |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Observation only | Other | This is an observational study with no intervention applied to participants. Data were collected through questionnaires and clinical assessments only |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| E-Health Literacy | An 8-item, 5-point Likert-type scale developed by Norman and Skinner , validated in Turkish by Tamer Gencer. Higher scores indicate higher e- Health Literacy | At baseline" |
| Artificial Intelligence Literacy | A 12-item, 7-point Likert-type scale developed by Wang et al . and adapted into Turkish by Çelebi et al . Higher scores indicate greater Artificial Intelligence literacy | At baseline" |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| the Revised Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire | aims to measure patients with fibromyalgia syndrome status, progress and outcomes through 21 questions that inquire about physical functions, work-related situations, depression, anxiety, waking up tired, pain, stiffness, and fatigue The Turkish adaptation of the Revised Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnairewas psychometrically evaluated for validity and reliability by Sarmer et al . |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Age between 18 and 50 years
Diagnosis of Fibromyalgia Syndrome according to 2016 American College of Rheumatology criteria (for patient group)
Adequate cognitive function
Literacy
Willingness to participate and provide informed consent
For control group: Healthy individuals matched by age and sex, with no reported health issues
Exclusion Criteria:
Cognitive impairment preventing questionnaire completion
Illiteracy
Presence of severe comorbidities or neurological/psychiatric disorders that may affect participation
Refusal or inability to provide informed consent
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This study included 106 patients diagnosed with Fibromyalgia Syndrome according to the 2016 American College of Rheumatology criteria and 106 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Participants were aged between 18 and 50 years, literate, with adequate cognitive function, and voluntarily provided informed consent. The patient group was recruited from the Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation outpatient clinic at Yozgat Bozok University Faculty of Medicine. The control group consisted of healthy volunteers without any reported health issues.
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Gülseren Demir Karakılıç, Assistant Professor | Yozgat Bozok University | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yozgat Bozok University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation | Yozgat | Yozgat | 66100 | Turkey (Türkiye) |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| Background | Çelebi, C., et al., Artificial intelligence literacy: An adaptation study. Instructional Technology and Lifelong Learning, 2023 | ||
| Background | Wang, B., P.-L.P. Rau, and T. Yuan, Measuring user competence in using artificial intelligence: validity and reliability of artificial intelligence literacy scale. Behaviour & information technology, 2023 | ||
| Background | TAMER GENCER, Z., Analysis of validity and reliability of Norman and Skinner's e-Health scale literacy for cultural adaptatio | ||
| 16867972 | Background | Norman CD, Skinner HA. eHealth Literacy: Essential Skills for Consumer Health in a Networked World. J Med Internet Res. 2006 Jun 16;8(2):e9. doi: 10.2196/jmir.8.2.e9. |
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All data and materials are available upon reasonable requests from the corresponding author
Upon study completion
Researchers who provide a reasonable request and have a valid scientific purpose will be granted access to the individual participant data (IPD) and supporting documents, including the study protocol and informed consent form. Requests should be submitted to the corresponding author via email. Data sharing will be subject to approval to ensure participant confidentiality and compliance with ethical standards. Data will be shared in a de-identified format to protect participant privacy
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D005356 | Fibromyalgia |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009135 | Muscular Diseases |
| D009140 | Musculoskeletal Diseases |
| D012216 | Rheumatic Diseases |
| D009468 | Neuromuscular Diseases |
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| At baseline |
| the Beck Depression Inventory | is developed by Beck and colleagues in 1961, is intended to evaluate the typical signs and symptoms associated with depression. This instrument is a self-administered questionnaire comprising 21 items and usually requires around 10 minutes to complete. The Turkish version of the inventory was adapted and validated by Hisli and colleagues | At baseline |
| Beck Anxiety Inventory | is developed by Aaron T. Beck, is an internationally validated tool for assessing anxiety levels. It consists of 21 items. The Turkish adaptation and validation of the inventory were performed by Ulusoy and colleagues | At baseline |
| Background | Ulusoy, M., N.H. Sahin, and H. Erkmen, Turkish version of the Beck Anxiety Inventory: psychometric properties. Journal of cognitive psychotherapy, 1998 |
| Background | Hisli, N., Beck depresyon envanterinin universite ogrencileri icin gecerliligi, guvenilirlig |
| 11149662 | Background | Sarmer S, Ergin S, Yavuzer G. The validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire. Rheumatol Int. 2000 Dec;20(1):9-12. doi: 10.1007/s002960000077. |
| 41932771 | Derived | Karakilic GD, Balbaloglu O, Gocer S. Higher artificial intelligence literacy among patients with fibromyalgia syndrome: Results from a cross-sectional survey study. Reumatol Clin (Engl Ed). 2026 Mar;22(3):502098. doi: 10.1016/j.reumae.2026.502098. |
| D009422 |
| Nervous System Diseases |