A Phase II Neoadjuvant Clinical Trial of the Androgen Receptor Inhibitor Darolutamide in Early-Stage Androgen Receptor Positive (AR+) Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
A Phase II Neoadjuvant Clinical Trial of the Androgen Receptor Inhibitor Darolutamide in Early-Stage Androgen Receptor Positive (AR+) Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
This phase II trial compares the effect of adding darolutamide to standard therapy versus standard therapy alone before surgery for the treatment of patients with stage II-IIIA androgen receptor positive triple-negative breast carcinoma. Standard therapy before surgery for triple-negative breast cancer typically consists of a combination of chemotherapy and immunotherapy drugs. Chemotherapy drugs, such as carboplatin, paclitaxel, doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide, work in different ways to stop the growth of tumor cells, either by killing the cells, by stopping them from dividing, or by stopping them from spreading. Immunotherapy with monoclonal antibodies, such as pembrolizumab, may help the body's immune system attack the cancer, and may interfere with the ability of tumor cells to grow and spread. Darolutamide is in a class of medications called androgen receptor inhibitors. It works by blocking the effects of androgen (a male reproductive hormone) to stop the growth and spread of tumor cells. Giving darolutamide in combination with standard therapy before surgery may make the tumor smaller and may reduce the amount of normal tissue that needs to be removed.
PRIMARY OBJECTIVE:
I. To compare the mean ΔKi-67 level between the darolutamide therapy arm and the control arm.
SECONDARY OBJECTIVES:
I. To determine the pathologic complete response rate (pCR) and overall response rate (ORR) in patients on the darolutamide and control arms.
II. To determine event-free survival (EFS) in patients with androgen receptor positive (AR+) breast cancer in both arms.
III. To correlate the change in Ki-67 at 2 weeks and 6 months with pCR rates and EFS in patients with AR+ breast cancer in both arms.
IV. To monitor circulating tumor deoxyribonucleic acid (ctDNA) throughout treatment and correlate with response in both arms.
V. To correlate percent of nuclear AR positivity with pCR and EFS in both arms.
EXPLORATORY OBJECTIVES:
I. To determine if patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) experience changes in ctDNA levels while undergoing neoadjuvant therapy.
II. To assess if changes in ctDNA levels correlate with response to neoadjuvant therapy observed in breast cancer tissue biopsies/surgical specimens.
III. To identify AR amplification and ligand binding mutations by whole exome sequencing and evaluate AR transcription targets and AR splice variants by ribonucleic acid sequencing (RNAseq) in baseline, week 2 and residual disease of patients on the darolutamide arm.
IV. To evaluate cell populations and AR transcriptional activity by single-cell RNAseq (scRNAseq) using baseline, week-2 biopsies and residual disease from patients on the darolutamide arm.
V. To assess tumor microenvironment changes in hormone receptors and immune cell populations by multiple immunofluorescences using the CO-Detection by indEXing (CODEX) platform.
VI. To evaluate AR-independent mechanisms of resistance to AR inhibitors using in vitro models for the discovery phase and human tissue for validation studies.
OUTLINE: Patients are randomized to 1 of 2 arms.
ARM A: Patients receive pembrolizumab intravenously (IV) over 30 minutes on day 1 of each cycle, paclitaxel IV on days 1, 8, and 15 of each cycle, and carboplatin IV on days 1, 8, and 15 of each cycle. Cycles repeat every 21 days for up to 4 cycles (cycles 1-4) in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Then, patients receive pembrolizumab IV over 30 minutes, cyclophosphamide IV, and doxorubicin IV or epirubicin IV on day 1 of subsequent cycles. Cycles repeat every 21 days for up to an additional 4 cycles (cycles 5-8) in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Additionally, patients undergo surgery on study, as well as ultrasound (US) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), blood sample collection, and breast biopsies throughout the study.
ARM B: Patients receive darolutamide orally (PO) twice daily (BID) for 14 days in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Patients then receive darolutamide PO BID, pembrolizumab IV over 30 minutes on day 1 of each cycle, and paclitaxel IV on days 1, 8, and 15 of each cycle, and carboplatin IV on days 1, 8, and 15 of each cycle. Cycles repeat every 21 days for up to 4 cycles (cycles 1-4) in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Then, patients receive pembrolizumab IV over 30 minutes, cyclophosphamide IV, and doxorubicin IV or epirubicin IV on day 1 of subsequent cycles. Cycles repeat every 21 days for up to an additional 4 cycles (cycles 5-8) in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Additionally, patients undergo surgery on study, as well as US or MRI, blood sample collection, and breast biopsies throughout the study.
After completion of study treatment, patients are followed up after 30-37 days, at 6 months, 12 months, then yearly for up to 5 years.
Inclusion Criteria:
Signed and dated written informed consent as well as the ability to understand and the willingness to sign written consent prior to study registration
Male or female ≥ 18 years of age on the day of signing informed consent
Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status of 0 or 1
Histologically confirmed newly diagnosed breast cancer with the following requirements:
Primary tumor clinically or radiographically ≥ 1cm in size or stage II-IIIA and eligible for neoadjuvant treatment
Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) ≥ 1500/µL (≤ 28 days prior to first dose of protocol-indicated treatment)
Platelets ≥ 100,000/µL (≤ 28 days prior to first dose of protocol-indicated treatment)
Hemoglobin ≥ 9.0 g/dL or ≥ 5.6 mmol/L (≤ 28 days prior to first dose of protocol-indicated treatment)
Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ≥ 60 mL/min (as calculated by the Cockcroft-Gault Formula or calculated/measured by an alternative established institutional standard consistently applied across participants at the site) (≤ 28 days prior to first dose of protocol-indicated treatment)
Total bilirubin ≤ 1.5 times institutional upper limit of normal (ULN), or direct bilirubin ≤ ULN for participants with total bilirubin > 1.5 x ULN (≤ 28 days prior to first dose of protocol-indicated treatment)
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase [SGOT]) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase [SGPT]) ≤ 2.5 times institutional upper limit of normal (ULN) (≤ 28 days prior to first dose of protocol-indicated treatment)
Calcium ≤ 11.5 mg/dL or ≤ 2.9 mmol/L; in patients with albumin outside the normal range, calcium (corrected for albumin) must be ≤ 11.5 mg/dL or ≤ 2.9 mmol/L (≤ 28 days prior to first dose of protocol-indicated treatment)
Women must not be breastfeeding and further agree to not breastfeed during study treatment and for at least 120 days after completion of treatment
A woman of childbearing potential (WOCBP) must have a negative serum or urine pregnancy test during screening within 21 days prior to receiving first dose of protocol-indicated treatment, and must agree to follow instructions for using acceptable contraception from the time of signing consent, and until at least 120 days after completion of treatment
Men must refrain from donating sperm for at least 120 days after completion of treatment
A man able to father children who is sexually active with a WOCBP must agree to follow instructions for using acceptable contraception, from the time of signing consent, and until at least 120 days after completion of treatment
Exclusion Criteria:
Non-resectable breast cancer as assessed by the primary treating surgeon or evidence of metastatic disease
Malignancies other than TNBC within 5 years prior to randomization, with the exception of those with a negligible risk of metastases or death and treated with expected curative outcome (such as adequately treated carcinoma in situ of the cervix or basal or squamous cell skin cancer)
Patient is pregnant or breastfeeding
Patients with moderate hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class B cirrhosis or higher)
Is currently participating in or within four weeks prior to receiving first dose of study treatment in a study of an investigational agent or investigational device
Recipient of previous allogeneic tissue/solid organ transplant
Known severe hypersensitivity (≥ Grade 3) to study drug, pembrolizumab, carboplatin, doxorubicin/epirubicin, paclitaxel, or cyclophosphamide and/or any of the excipients of these drugs
History of myocarditis or pericarditis or other known underlying heart disease that is clinically significant by investigator judgment (for example, cardiomyopathy, congestive heart failure with New York Heart Association [NYHA] functional classification III or IV, symptomatic arrhythmia not controlled by medication, unstable angina, history of acute myocardial infarction). History of cerebrovascular accident (including transient ischemic attack [TIA]) within the past six months (24 weeks) prior to starting study treatment
Uncontrolled intercurrent illness including, but not limited to, ongoing or active infection/sepsis, or psychiatric illness/social situations that would limit compliance with study requirements
Known conditions that would preclude the use of checkpoint inhibitors