This arm consists of participants assigned to receive a structured rehabilitative pathway based on dual-task exercises. This program integrates motor and cognitive tasks simultaneously, and is designed to improve balance, reduce fall risk, and enhance autonomy and quality of life in Parkinson's patients. Participants in this group will complete a total of 20 sessions, administered 2-3 times per week for a duration of two months, with each session lasting 45 minutes.

This arm consists of participants assigned to receive a standard rehabilitation program. This intervention focuses on traditional motor rehabilitation techniques and serves as the active control group for comparison with the dual-task intervention. Participants in this group will complete a total of 20 sessions, administered 2-3 times per week for a duration of two months, with each session lasting 45 minutes.

This intervention consists of exercises that integrate motor tasks (e.g., balance training, walking) with concurrent cognitive tasks (e.g., counting, verbal fluency, decision-making tasks). The progression of exercises will be tailored to the individual's abilities, gradually increasing the difficulty of both the motor and cognitive components.

It is a widely used scale to assess the severity of symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease. It consists of four sections: non-motor and mental aspects, motor aspects, motor complications, and treatment. It evaluates aspects such as tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, balance, and daily activities.

It is a staging scale that classifies the severity of Parkinson's disease into five stages, from mild (stage 1) to severe (stage 5), based on the presence of motor symptoms and functional impairment.

The MoCA is a screening tool used to assess cognitive functions. It is designed to detect mild and moderate cognitive impairments, such as those associated with dementia or other neurological conditions. The scale covers various cognitive domains, including attention, concentration, memory, language, visuospatial abilities, abstraction, calculation, and orientation. The maximum score is 30 points, and a score below 26 may indicate the presence of cognitive impairment.

Two distinct but related scales:

• Tinetti Balance Scale: assesses fall risk through various balance tests.
• Tinetti Gait Scale: evaluates gait and the related risk of falling. Both scales are used to identify individuals at risk of falling and to monitor the effectiveness of interventions.

It is a simple test that measures the time a person takes to stand up from a chair, walk three meters, turn around, return, and sit down. It is used to assess balance and fall risk.

It is a subjective scale that allows patients to rate their level of pain on a 10 cm line, where 0 indicates no pain and 10 indicates the worst imaginable pain.