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Although the effectiveness of motor imagery in improving performance in sports is known, there is no research on its preventive role against injuries. the primary aim of this study is to investigate the effect of motor imagery on improving risk factors related to jumps and falls in volleyball players. The secondary aim of this study is to investigate the effect of motor imagery on cortical functions.
The nature of volleyball includes serving, blocking, and/or spiking, which require players to jump frequently. This high demand on the lower extremity causes high injury rates: approximately 58.7% of all injuries involve lower extremities, among which 51.8% are non-contact injuries . The knee accounts for 58% of lower extremity injuries -15.2% of which involve ACL- while 25.9% affect the ankle, including ligament injuries, sprains, and strains . These high injury rates cause players to lose game-time, 4.49 per 1000 hours for competition and 3.43 per 1000 hours for practice hours and cause their clubs to lose money .
Most studies in the literature focused on ACL injuries and they reported numerous risk factors, such as anatomic, hormonal, biomechanical, and unanticipated. Of these biomechanical risk factors, increased anterior tibial shear force, decreased knee flexion while landing, increased knee valgus, knee and hip internal rotation, and hip adduction were reported as the most important. These joint angle errors are reported to be the cause of 47.5% of the knee injuries in volleyball during jumping and falling . Also, altered kinetics in landing are suggested to potentially increase risk for ankle recurrent injury .
Recent studies have identified core and joint stabilization, stretching, strengthening, balance, mobilization, and flexibility exercises as a pivotal factor in preventing knee injuries in volleyball . In addition to these training programs, which help promote safer landing mechanics, training proper landing is also beneficial in injury prevention both for knee injuries and for ankle injuries.
Motor imagery (MI) is a contemporary method defined as a mental simulation of an action that is not actually performed . There are multiple brain areas, mostly motor areas, accepted to be involved in MI, but there is little evidence explaining the underlying mechanisms. Especially, the prefrontal cortex, involved in executive functions, is shown to be activated during MI tasks, but their interaction are not fully defined . MI has been described as a promising technique to facilitate the learning and improvement of motor skills in sports, education, and rehabilitation areas involving physical applications. Although the effectiveness of motor imagery in improving performance and learning new motor skills in sports is known, there is no research on its preventive role against injuries. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the effect of motor imagery on improving injury-causing factors related to jumps and falls in volleyball players. The secondary aim of this study was to investigate the effect of motor imagery on cortical functions.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| solo training | Experimental | Prior to the study, a video recording with the correct jump and landing kinematics, showing the correct hip, knee, and ankle flexion angles , will be recorded by the researchers. The video will be a minute long, consisting of front and side angles, and featured a professional volleyball player who won't be included in the study. Players in solo training group individually underwent the training.For standardization purposes, no questions will allowed during the training session. In the training session, players will be asked to watch the correct landing video at a slightly slower speed and contemplate the appropriate hip, knee, and ankle angles. Then, the researcher explained correct landing mechanics, while referring to the correct landing video, pointed out the common errors, and described how to correct them.The researcher then will explain to the players what MI is and how it works. |
|
| group training | Experimental | Prior to the study, a video recording with the correct jump and landing kinematics, showing the correct hip, knee, and ankle flexion angles, will be recorded by the researchers. The video will be a minute long, consisting of front and side angles, and featured a professional volleyball player who will not included in the study. Players in the GT group underwent the training as a group in a quiet, climate-controlled room. For standardization purposes, no questions were allowed during the training session. In the training session, players were asked to watch the correct landing video at a slightly slower speed and contemplate the appropriate hip, knee, and ankle angles. Then, the researcher explained correct landing mechanics, while referring to the correct landing video, pointed out the common errors, and described how to correct them.The researcher then will explain to the players what MI is and how it works. |
|
| control training | No Intervention |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| motor imagery | Other | The researcher will explain to the players what MI is and how it works. Following the explanation, players will seated in a comfortable armchair facing the researcher, will ask to minimize distracting thoughts, and to be as mindful as possible without speaking for five minutes, and to imagine themselves executing the correct angles during a landing. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Kinematic Analysis: Change in Hip Flexion During Initial Contact. Baseline and 12 Weeks | The flexion angles of the hip, knee, and dorsiflexion of the ankle during jumping and landing will evaluated with the 'Dartfish Analysis System' as degree.This software possesses simultaneous recording and measurement capabilities and is compatible with mobile phones for installation. This software is employed as a clinical instrument to measure movement amplitude and velocity, biaxial spatial coordinates, and joint angles throughout movement in the volleyball players. Unilateral measurements were used. During video recording, athletes turned to their left sides, and measurements were taken from the left side. The study aimed to report a change from the baseline value. | From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks |
| Kinematic Analysis: Change in Knee Flexion During Initial Contact.Baseline and 12 Weeks | The flexion angles of the hip, knee, and dorsiflexion of the ankle during jumping and landing will evaluated with the 'Dartfish Analysis System' as degree.This software possesses simultaneous recording and measurement capabilities and is compatible with mobile phones for installation. This software is employed as a clinical instrument to measure movement amplitude and velocity, biaxial spatial coordinates, and joint angles throughout movement in the volleyball players.Unilateral measurement was used. During video recording, the athletes turned to their left side, and measurements were taken from the left side. The study aimed to report a change from the baseline value. This was calculated by subtracting the baseline value from the value at week 12. | From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks |
| Kinematic Analysis: Change in Right Knee Varus Degree During Initial Contact. Baseline and 12 Weeks | The flexion angles of the hip, knee, and dorsiflexion of the ankle during jumping and landing will evaluated with the 'Dartfish Analysis System' as degree.This software possesses simultaneous recording and measurement capabilities and is compatible with mobile phones for installation. This software is employed as a clinical instrument to measure movement amplitude and velocity, biaxial spatial coordinates, and joint angles throughout movement in the volleyball players.Knee varus angle was measured separately for the right and left sides in a frontal view. The study aimed to report a change from the baseline value. The baseline and 12-week values were taken. The 12-week value was subtracted from the baseline value to calculate the varus angle. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Cognitive Functions - Neurocognition Index. Baseline and 12. Weeks | The Computerized Neurocognitive Tests Vital Sign (CNSVS) test consists of 10 standardized neurocognitive tests: verbal memory test, visual memory test, finger tapping test, symbol digit coding test, stroop test (simple reaction test, complex reaction test, and stroop effect), shifting attention test, continuous performance test, perception of emotions test, non-verbal reasoning test, and 4-part continuous performance test. value at 12 weeks minus value at baseline). Neurcognition index is calculated by average of all sub-scores. A score greater than 109 indicates a high-functioning test subject; a score of 90-109 indicates normal function; a score of 80-89 indicates a slight deficit; a score of 70-79 indicates a moderate level of deficit or impairment; a score less than 70 indicates a deficit and impairment. The score scale is theoretically unbounded (from - to + infinity) due to its norm-referenced z-score basis. |
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Exclusion Criteria:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fizyoostea | Gaziantep | Gaziantep | 27000 | Turkey (Türkiye) |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 38577393 | Result | Prasomsri J, Thueman B, Yuenyong P, Thongnoon C, Khophongphaibun N, Ariyawatcharin S. Effectiveness of motor imagery on sports performance in football players: A randomised control trial. Hong Kong Physiother J. 2024 Jun;44(1):29-37. doi: 10.1142/S1013702524500021. Epub 2023 Aug 25. | |
| 38540510 | Result | Deng N, Soh KG, Abdullah BB, Huang D. Does Motor Imagery Training Improve Service Performance in Tennis Players? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Behav Sci (Basel). 2024 Mar 5;14(3):207. doi: 10.3390/bs14030207. |
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Local regulations do not allow us to share participant information.
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| FG000 | Solo Training | Prior to the study, a video recording with the correct jump and landing kinematics, showing the correct hip, knee, and ankle flexion angles , will be recorded by the researchers. The video will be a minute long, consisting of front and side angles, and featured a professional volleyball player who won't be included in the study. Players in solo training group individually underwent the training.For standardization purposes, no questions will allowed during the training session. In the training session, players will be asked to watch the correct landing video at a slightly slower speed and contemplate the appropriate hip, knee, and ankle angles. Then, the researcher explained correct landing mechanics, while referring to the correct landing video, pointed out the common errors, and described how to correct them.The researcher then will explain to the players what MI is and how it works. motor imagery: The researcher will explain to the players what MI is and how it works. Following the explanation, players will seated in a comfortable armchair facing the researcher, will ask to minimize distracting thoughts, and to be as mindful as possible without speaking for five minutes, and to imagine themselves executing the correct angles during a landing. |
| FG001 | Group Training | Prior to the study, a video recording with the correct jump and landing kinematics, showing the correct hip, knee, and ankle flexion angles, will be recorded by the researchers. The video will be a minute long, consisting of front and side angles, and featured a professional volleyball player who will not included in the study. Players in the GT group underwent the training as a group in a quiet, climate-controlled room. For standardization purposes, no questions were allowed during the training session. In the training session, players were asked to watch the correct landing video at a slightly slower speed and contemplate the appropriate hip, knee, and ankle angles. Then, the researcher explained correct landing mechanics, while referring to the correct landing video, pointed out the common errors, and described how to correct them.The researcher then will explain to the players what MI is and how it works. motor imagery: The researcher will explain to the players what MI is and how it works. Following the explanation, players will seated in a comfortable armchair facing the researcher, will ask to minimize distracting thoughts, and to be as mindful as possible without speaking for five minutes, and to imagine themselves executing the correct angles during a landing. |
| FG002 | Control Training | Players only participate in evaluations |
| Title | Milestones | Reasons Not Completed | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study |
|
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BG000 | Solo Training | Prior to the study, a video recording with the correct jump and landing kinematics, showing the correct hip, knee, and ankle flexion angles , will be recorded by the researchers. The video will be a minute long, consisting of front and side angles, and featured a professional volleyball player who won't be included in the study. Players in solo training group individually underwent the training.For standardization purposes, no questions will allowed during the training session. In the training session, players will be asked to watch the correct landing video at a slightly slower speed and contemplate the appropriate hip, knee, and ankle angles. Then, the researcher explained correct landing mechanics, while referring to the correct landing video, pointed out the common errors, and described how to correct them.The researcher then will explain to the players what MI is and how it works. motor imagery: The researcher will explain to the players what MI is and how it works. Following the explanation, players will seated in a comfortable armchair facing the researcher, will ask to minimize distracting thoughts, and to be as mindful as possible without speaking for five minutes, and to imagine themselves executing the correct angles during a landing. |
| Units | Counts |
|---|---|
| Participants |
|
| Title | Description | Population Description | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Denominator Units Selected | Denominators | Classes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Customized | Mean |
| Type | Title | Description | Population Description | Reporting Status | Anticipated Posting Date | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Time Frame | Units Analyzed | Denominator Units Selected | Arm/Group Information | Denominators | Classes | Analyses | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Kinematic Analysis: Change in Hip Flexion During Initial Contact. Baseline and 12 Weeks | The flexion angles of the hip, knee, and dorsiflexion of the ankle during jumping and landing will evaluated with the 'Dartfish Analysis System' as degree.This software possesses simultaneous recording and measurement capabilities and is compatible with mobile phones for installation. This software is employed as a clinical instrument to measure movement amplitude and velocity, biaxial spatial coordinates, and joint angles throughout movement in the volleyball players. Unilateral measurements were used. During video recording, athletes turned to their left sides, and measurements were taken from the left side. The study aimed to report a change from the baseline value. | Posted | Mean | 95% Confidence Interval | degrees | From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks |
|
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All-Cause Mortality, Serious, and Other [Not Including Serious] Adverse Events were not monitored/assessed
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| ID | Title | Description | Deaths (Affected) | Deaths (At Risk) | Serious Events (Affected) | Serious Events (At Risk) | Other Events (Affected) | Other Events (At Risk) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EG000 | All-Cause Mortality, Serious, and Other [Not Including Serious] Adverse Events were not monitored/assessed through study completion. The study did not involve any invasive procedures or drug use that could have resulted in death or harm to the participants. There is no frequency threshold for reporting other adverse events. The value "0" in the adverse section was entered as adverse events were not monitored/assessed. |
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| Title | Organization | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aydan Niziplioğlu | Hacettepe University | +903123052525 | fzt.niziplioglu@gmail.com |
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| Type | Includes Protocol | Includes SAP | Includes ICF | Document Label | Document Date | Document Uploaded Date | Document File Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prot_SAP | Yes | Yes | No | Study Protocol and Statistical Analysis Plan | Dec 24, 2025 | Feb 18, 2026 | Prot_SAP_000.pdf |
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randomized controlled
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Players only participate in evaluations
|
| From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks |
| Kinematic Analysis: Change in Left Knee Varus Degree During Initial Contact. Baseline and 12 Weeks | The flexion angles of the hip, knee, and dorsiflexion of the ankle during jumping and landing will evaluated with the 'Dartfish Analysis System' as degree.This software possesses simultaneous recording and measurement capabilities and is compatible with mobile phones for installation. This software is employed as a clinical instrument to measure movement amplitude and velocity, biaxial spatial coordinates, and joint angles throughout movement in the volleyball players.Knee varus angle was measured separately for the right and left sides in a frontal view. The study aimed to report a change from the baseline value. The baseline and 12-week values were taken. The 12-week value was subtracted from the baseline value to calculate the varus angle. | From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks |
| Kinematic Analysis: Change in Ankle Flexion During Initial Contact. Baseline and 12 Weeks | The flexion angles of the hip, knee, and dorsiflexion of the ankle during jumping and landing will evaluated with the 'Dartfish Analysis System' as degree.This software possesses simultaneous recording and measurement capabilities and is compatible with mobile phones for installation. This software is employed as a clinical instrument to measure movement amplitude and velocity, biaxial spatial coordinates, and joint angles throughout movement in the volleyball players. Ankle flexion analysis was performed using unilateral measurements. During video recording, athletes turned to their left sides, and measurements were taken from the left side. The study aimed to report a change from baseline. Baseline and 12-week values were used. The 12-week value was subtracted from the baseline value to calculate the change. | From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks |
| Kinematic Analysis: Change in Hip Flexion During Full Contact.Baseline and 12 Weeks | The flexion angles of the hip, knee, and dorsiflexion of the ankle during jumping and landing will evaluated with the 'Dartfish Analysis System' as degree.This software possesses simultaneous recording and measurement capabilities and is compatible with mobile phones for installation. This software is employed as a clinical instrument to measure movement amplitude and velocity, biaxial spatial coordinates, and joint angles throughout movement in the volleyball players. unilateral measurements were used. During video recording, athletes turned to their left sides and measurements were taken from the left side. The study aimed to report a change from the baseline value. The baseline and 12-week values were taken. The 12-week value was subtracted from the baseline value to calculate the change. | From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks |
| Kinematic Analysis: Change in Knee Flexion During Full Contact. Beselina and 12 Weeks | The flexion angles of the hip, knee, and dorsiflexion of the ankle during jumping and landing will evaluated with the 'Dartfish Analysis System' as degree.This software possesses simultaneous recording and measurement capabilities and is compatible with mobile phones for installation. This software is employed as a clinical instrument to measure movement amplitude and velocity, biaxial spatial coordinates, and joint angles throughout movement in the volleyball players. Unilateral measurement was used in the knee flexion analysis. During video recording, athletes turned to their left side and measurements were taken from the left side. The study aimed to report a change from the baseline value. The baseline and 12-week values were taken. The 12-week value was subtracted from the baseline value to calculate the 12-week value. | From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks |
| Kinematic Analysis: Change in Right Knee Varus Degree During Full Contact: Baseline and 12. Weeks. | The flexion angles of the hip, knee, and dorsiflexion of the ankle during jumping and landing will evaluated with the 'Dartfish Analysis System' as degree.This software possesses simultaneous recording and measurement capabilities and is compatible with mobile phones for installation. This software is employed as a clinical instrument to measure movement amplitude and velocity, biaxial spatial coordinates, and joint angles throughout movement in the volleyball players.Knee varus angle was measured separately for the right and left sides in a frontal view. The study aimed to report a change from the baseline value. The baseline and 12-week values were taken. The 12-week value was subtracted from the baseline value to calculate the varus angle. | From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks |
| Kinematic Analysis: Change in Left Knee Varus Degree During Full Contact. Baseline and 12. Weeks | The flexion angles of the hip, knee, and dorsiflexion of the ankle during jumping and landing will evaluated with the 'Dartfish Analysis System' as degree.This software possesses simultaneous recording and measurement capabilities and is compatible with mobile phones for installation. This software is employed as a clinical instrument to measure movement amplitude and velocity, biaxial spatial coordinates, and joint angles throughout movement in the volleyball players.Knee varus angle was measured separately for the right and left sides in a frontal view. The study aimed to report a change from the baseline value. The baseline and 12-week values were taken. The 12-week value was subtracted from the baseline value to calculate the varus angle. | From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks |
| Kinematic Analysis: Change in Ankle Flexion During Full Contact. Baseline and 12. Weeks. | The flexion angles of the hip, knee, and dorsiflexion of the ankle during jumping and landing will evaluated with the 'Dartfish Analysis System' as degree.This software possesses simultaneous recording and measurement capabilities and is compatible with mobile phones for installation. This software is employed as a clinical instrument to measure movement amplitude and velocity, biaxial spatial coordinates, and joint angles throughout movement in the volleyball players. Ankle flexion analysis was performed using unilateral measurements. During video recording, athletes turned to their left sides, and measurements were taken from the left side. The study aimed to report a change from baseline. Baseline and 12-week values were used. The 12-week value was subtracted from the baseline value to calculate the change. | From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks |
| From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks |
| Change in Cognitive Functions - Composite Memory. Beseline and 12. Weeks | The Computerized Neurocognitive Tests Vital Sign (CNSVS) test consists of 10 standardized neurocognitive tests: verbal memory test, visual memory test, finger tapping test, symbol digit coding test, stroop test (simple reaction test, complex reaction test, and stroop effect), shifting attention test, continuous performance test, perception of emotions test, non-verbal reasoning test, and 4-part continuous performance test. Calculated by value at 12 weeks minus value at baseline). A score greater than 109 indicates a high-functioning test subject; a score of 90-109 indicates normal function; a score of 80-89 indicates a slight deficit; a score of 70-79 indicates a moderate level of deficit or impairment; a score less than 70 indicates a deficit and impairment. The score scale is theoretically unbounded (from - to + infinity) due to its norm-referenced z-score basis, but in practice operates within effective minimum and maximum limits imposed by the normative data and scoring algoritihm | From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks |
| Change in Cognitive Functions - Verbal Memory. Baseline and 12. Weeks | The Computerized Neurocognitive Tests Vital Sign (CNSVS) test consists of 10 standardized neurocognitive tests: verbal memory test, visual memory test, finger tapping test, symbol digit coding test, stroop test (simple reaction test, complex reaction test, and stroop effect), shifting attention test, continuous performance test, perception of emotions test, non-verbal reasoning test, and 4-part continuous performance test. Calculated by value at 12 weeks minus value at baseline). A score greater than 109 indicates a high-functioning test subject; a score of 90-109 indicates normal function; a score of 80-89 indicates a slight deficit; a score of 70-79 indicates a moderate level of deficit or impairment; a score less than 70 indicates a deficit and impairment. The score scale is theoretically unbounded (from - to + infinity) due to its norm-referenced z-score basis, but in practice operates within effective minimum and maximum limits imposed by the normative data and scoring algoritihm | From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks |
| Change in Cognitive Functions - Visual Memory. Baseline and 12. Weeks | The Computerized Neurocognitive Tests Vital Sign (CNSVS) test consists of 10 standardized neurocognitive tests: verbal memory test, visual memory test, finger tapping test, symbol digit coding test, stroop test (simple reaction test, complex reaction test, and stroop effect), shifting attention test, continuous performance test, perception of emotions test, non-verbal reasoning test, and 4-part continuous performance test. Calculated by value at 12 weeks minus value at baseline). A score greater than 109 indicates a high-functioning test subject; a score of 90-109 indicates normal function; a score of 80-89 indicates a slight deficit; a score of 70-79 indicates a moderate level of deficit or impairment; a score less than 70 indicates a deficit and impairment. The score scale is theoretically unbounded (from - to + infinity) due to its norm-referenced z-score basis, but in practice operates within effective minimum and maximum limits imposed by the normative data and scoring algoritihm | From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks |
| Change in Cognitive Functions - Psychomotor Speed. Baseline and 12. Weeks | The Computerized Neurocognitive Tests Vital Sign (CNSVS) test consists of 10 standardized neurocognitive tests: verbal memory test, visual memory test, finger tapping test, symbol digit coding test, stroop test (simple reaction test, complex reaction test, and stroop effect), shifting attention test, continuous performance test, perception of emotions test, non-verbal reasoning test, and 4-part continuous performance test. Calculated by value at 12 weeks minus value at baseline). A score greater than 109 indicates a high-functioning test subject; a score of 90-109 indicates normal function; a score of 80-89 indicates a slight deficit; a score of 70-79 indicates a moderate level of deficit or impairment; a score less than 70 indicates a deficit and impairment. The score scale is theoretically unbounded (from - to + infinity) due to its norm-referenced z-score basis, but in practice operates within effective minimum and maximum limits imposed by the normative data and scoring algoritihm | From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks |
| Change in Cognitive Functions - Reaction Time. Baseline and 12. Weeks | The Computerized Neurocognitive Tests Vital Sign (CNSVS) test consists of 10 standardized neurocognitive tests: verbal memory test, visual memory test, finger tapping test, symbol digit coding test, stroop test (simple reaction test, complex reaction test, and stroop effect), shifting attention test, continuous performance test, perception of emotions test, non-verbal reasoning test, and 4-part continuous performance test. Calculated by value at 12 weeks minus value at baseline). A score greater than 109 indicates a high-functioning test subject; a score of 90-109 indicates normal function; a score of 80-89 indicates a slight deficit; a score of 70-79 indicates a moderate level of deficit or impairment; a score less than 70 indicates a deficit and impairment. The score scale is theoretically unbounded (from - to + infinity) due to its norm-referenced z-score basis, but in practice operates within effective minimum and maximum limits imposed by the normative data and scoring algoritihm | From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks |
| Change in Cognitive Functions - Complex Attention. Baseline and 12. Weeks | The Computerized Neurocognitive Tests Vital Sign (CNSVS) test consists of 10 standardized neurocognitive tests: verbal memory test, visual memory test, finger tapping test, symbol digit coding test, stroop test (simple reaction test, complex reaction test, and stroop effect), shifting attention test, continuous performance test, perception of emotions test, non-verbal reasoning test, and 4-part continuous performance test. Calculated by value at 12 weeks minus value at baseline). A score greater than 109 indicates a high-functioning test subject; a score of 90-109 indicates normal function; a score of 80-89 indicates a slight deficit; a score of 70-79 indicates a moderate level of deficit or impairment; a score less than 70 indicates a deficit and impairment. The score scale is theoretically unbounded (from - to + infinity) due to its norm-referenced z-score basis, but in practice operates within effective minimum and maximum limits imposed by the normative data and scoring algoritihm | From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks |
| Change in Cognitive Functions - Cognitive Flexibility. Baseline and 12. Weeks. | The Computerized Neurocognitive Tests Vital Sign (CNSVS) test consists of 10 standardized neurocognitive tests: verbal memory test, visual memory test, finger tapping test, symbol digit coding test, stroop test (simple reaction test, complex reaction test, and stroop effect), shifting attention test, continuous performance test, perception of emotions test, non-verbal reasoning test, and 4-part continuous performance test. Calculated by value at 12 weeks minus value at baseline). A score greater than 109 indicates a high-functioning test subject; a score of 90-109 indicates normal function; a score of 80-89 indicates a slight deficit; a score of 70-79 indicates a moderate level of deficit or impairment; a score less than 70 indicates a deficit and impairment. The score scale is theoretically unbounded (from - to + infinity) due to its norm-referenced z-score basis, but in practice operates within effective minimum and maximum limits imposed by the normative data and scoring algoritihm | From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks |
| Change in Cognitive Functions - Processing Speed. Baseline and 12. Weeks | The Computerized Neurocognitive Tests Vital Sign (CNSVS) test consists of 10 standardized neurocognitive tests: verbal memory test, visual memory test, finger tapping test, symbol digit coding test, stroop test (simple reaction test, complex reaction test, and stroop effect), shifting attention test, continuous performance test, perception of emotions test, non-verbal reasoning test, and 4-part continuous performance test. Calculated by value at 12 weeks minus value at baseline). A score greater than 109 indicates a high-functioning test subject; a score of 90-109 indicates normal function; a score of 80-89 indicates a slight deficit; a score of 70-79 indicates a moderate level of deficit or impairment; a score less than 70 indicates a deficit and impairment. The score scale is theoretically unbounded (from - to + infinity) due to its norm-referenced z-score basis, but in practice operates within effective minimum and maximum limits imposed by the normative data and scoring algoritihm | From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks |
| Change in Cognitive Functions - Executive Function. Baseline and 12. Weeks | The Computerized Neurocognitive Tests Vital Sign (CNSVS) test consists of 10 standardized neurocognitive tests: verbal memory test, visual memory test, finger tapping test, symbol digit coding test, stroop test (simple reaction test, complex reaction test, and stroop effect), shifting attention test, continuous performance test, perception of emotions test, non-verbal reasoning test, and 4-part continuous performance test. Calculated by value at 12 weeks minus value at baseline). A score greater than 109 indicates a high-functioning test subject; a score of 90-109 indicates normal function; a score of 80-89 indicates a slight deficit; a score of 70-79 indicates a moderate level of deficit or impairment; a score less than 70 indicates a deficit and impairment. The score scale is theoretically unbounded (from - to + infinity) due to its norm-referenced z-score basis, but in practice operates within effective minimum and maximum limits imposed by the normative data and scoring algoritihm | From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks |
| Change in Cognitive Functions - Social Acuity. Baseline and 12. Weeks | The Computerized Neurocognitive Tests Vital Sign (CNSVS) test consists of 10 standardized neurocognitive tests: verbal memory test, visual memory test, finger tapping test, symbol digit coding test, stroop test (simple reaction test, complex reaction test, and stroop effect), shifting attention test, continuous performance test, perception of emotions test, non-verbal reasoning test, and 4-part continuous performance test. Calculated by value at 12 weeks minus value at baseline). A score greater than 109 indicates a high-functioning test subject; a score of 90-109 indicates normal function; a score of 80-89 indicates a slight deficit; a score of 70-79 indicates a moderate level of deficit or impairment; a score less than 70 indicates a deficit and impairment. The score scale is theoretically unbounded (from - to + infinity) due to its norm-referenced z-score basis, but in practice operates within effective minimum and maximum limits imposed by the normative data and scoring algoritihm | From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks |
| Change in Cognitive Functions - Reasoning. Baseline and 12. Weeks | The Computerized Neurocognitive Tests Vital Sign (CNSVS) test consists of 10 standardized neurocognitive tests: verbal memory test, visual memory test, finger tapping test, symbol digit coding test, stroop test (simple reaction test, complex reaction test, and stroop effect), shifting attention test, continuous performance test, perception of emotions test, non-verbal reasoning test, and 4-part continuous performance test. Calculated by value at 12 weeks minus value at baseline). A score greater than 109 indicates a high-functioning test subject; a score of 90-109 indicates normal function; a score of 80-89 indicates a slight deficit; a score of 70-79 indicates a moderate level of deficit or impairment; a score less than 70 indicates a deficit and impairment. The score scale is theoretically unbounded (from - to + infinity) due to its norm-referenced z-score basis, but in practice operates within effective minimum and maximum limits imposed by the normative data and scoring algoritihm | From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks |
| Change in Cognitive Functions - Working Memory. Baseline and 12. Weeks | The Computerized Neurocognitive Tests Vital Sign (CNSVS) test consists of 10 standardized neurocognitive tests: verbal memory test, visual memory test, finger tapping test, symbol digit coding test, stroop test (simple reaction test, complex reaction test, and stroop effect), shifting attention test, continuous performance test, perception of emotions test, non-verbal reasoning test, and 4-part continuous performance test. Calculated by value at 12 weeks minus value at baseline). A score greater than 109 indicates a high-functioning test subject; a score of 90-109 indicates normal function; a score of 80-89 indicates a slight deficit; a score of 70-79 indicates a moderate level of deficit or impairment; a score less than 70 indicates a deficit and impairment. The score scale is theoretically unbounded (from - to + infinity) due to its norm-referenced z-score basis, but in practice operates within effective minimum and maximum limits imposed by the normative data and scoring algoritihm | From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks |
| Change in Cognitive Functions - Sustained Attention. Baseline and 12. Weeks | The Computerized Neurocognitive Tests Vital Sign (CNSVS) test consists of 10 standardized neurocognitive tests: verbal memory test, visual memory test, finger tapping test, symbol digit coding test, stroop test (simple reaction test, complex reaction test, and stroop effect), shifting attention test, continuous performance test, perception of emotions test, non-verbal reasoning test, and 4-part continuous performance test. Calculated by value at 12 weeks minus value at baseline). A score greater than 109 indicates a high-functioning test subject; a score of 90-109 indicates normal function; a score of 80-89 indicates a slight deficit; a score of 70-79 indicates a moderate level of deficit or impairment; a score less than 70 indicates a deficit and impairment. The score scale is theoretically unbounded (from - to + infinity) due to its norm-referenced z-score basis, but in practice operates within effective minimum and maximum limits imposed by the normative data and scoring algoritihm | From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks |
| Change in Cognitive Functions - Simple Attention. Baseline and 12. Weeks | The Computerized Neurocognitive Tests Vital Sign (CNSVS) test consists of 10 standardized neurocognitive tests: verbal memory test, visual memory test, finger tapping test, symbol digit coding test, stroop test (simple reaction test, complex reaction test, and stroop effect), shifting attention test, continuous performance test, perception of emotions test, non-verbal reasoning test, and 4-part continuous performance test. Calculated by value at 12 weeks minus value at baseline). A score greater than 109 indicates a high-functioning test subject; a score of 90-109 indicates normal function; a score of 80-89 indicates a slight deficit; a score of 70-79 indicates a moderate level of deficit or impairment; a score less than 70 indicates a deficit and impairment. The score scale is theoretically unbounded (from - to + infinity) due to its norm-referenced z-score basis, but in practice operates within effective minimum and maximum limits imposed by the normative data and scoring algoritihm | From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks |
| Change in Cognitive Functions - Motor Speed. Baseline and 12. Weeks | The Computerized Neurocognitive Tests Vital Sign (CNSVS) test consists of 10 standardized neurocognitive tests: verbal memory test, visual memory test, finger tapping test, symbol digit coding test, stroop test (simple reaction test, complex reaction test, and stroop effect), shifting attention test, continuous performance test, perception of emotions test, non-verbal reasoning test, and 4-part continuous performance test. Calculated by value at 12 weeks minus value at baseline). A score greater than 109 indicates a high-functioning test subject; a score of 90-109 indicates normal function; a score of 80-89 indicates a slight deficit; a score of 70-79 indicates a moderate level of deficit or impairment; a score less than 70 indicates a deficit and impairment. The score scale is theoretically unbounded (from - to + infinity) due to its norm-referenced z-score basis, but in practice operates within effective minimum and maximum limits imposed by the normative data and scoring algoritihm | From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks |
| 25817985 | Result | Ridderinkhof KR, Brass M. How Kinesthetic Motor Imagery works: a predictive-processing theory of visualization in sports and motor expertise. J Physiol Paris. 2015 Feb-Jun;109(1-3):53-63. doi: 10.1016/j.jphysparis.2015.02.003. Epub 2015 Mar 25. |
| 34785311 | Result | Kotegawa K, Teramoto W. Association of executive function capacity with gait motor imagery ability and PFC activity: An fNIRS study. Neurosci Lett. 2022 Jan 1;766:136350. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136350. Epub 2021 Nov 13. |
| 29634999 | Result | Zhang LL, Pi YL, Shen C, Zhu H, Li XP, Ni Z, Zhang J, Wu Y. Expertise-Level-Dependent Functionally Plastic Changes During Motor Imagery in Basketball Players. Neuroscience. 2018 Jun 1;380:78-89. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.03.050. Epub 2018 Apr 7. |
| 27890831 | Result | Ruffino C, Papaxanthis C, Lebon F. Neural plasticity during motor learning with motor imagery practice: Review and perspectives. Neuroscience. 2017 Jan 26;341:61-78. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.11.023. Epub 2016 Nov 25. |
| 33345114 | Result | Canepa P, Sbragi A, Saino F, Biggio M, Bove M, Bisio A. Thinking Before Doing: A Pilot Study on the Application of Motor Imagery as a Learning Method During Physical Education Lesson in High School. Front Sports Act Living. 2020 Oct 6;2:550744. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2020.550744. eCollection 2020. |
| 31351340 | Result | Neilson V, Ward S, Hume P, Lewis G, McDaid A. Effects of augmented feedback on training jump landing tasks for ACL injury prevention: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Phys Ther Sport. 2019 Sep;39:126-135. doi: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2019.07.004. Epub 2019 Jul 19. |
| 33964961 | Result | Ghaderi M, Letafatkar A, Thomas AC, Keyhani S. Effects of a neuromuscular training program using external focus attention cues in male athletes with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a randomized clinical trial. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil. 2021 May 8;13(1):49. doi: 10.1186/s13102-021-00275-3. |
| 40283084 | Result | Milic V, Radenkovic O, Capric I, Mekic R, Trajkovic N, Spirtovic O, Konicanin A, Bratic M, Mujanovic R, Preljevic A, Muric B, Kahrovic I. Sports Injuries in Basketball, Handball, and Volleyball Players: Systematic Review. Life (Basel). 2025 Mar 24;15(4):529. doi: 10.3390/life15040529. |
| 28391750 | Result | Kilic O, Maas M, Verhagen E, Zwerver J, Gouttebarge V. Incidence, aetiology and prevention of musculoskeletal injuries in volleyball: A systematic review of the literature. Eur J Sport Sci. 2017 Jul;17(6):765-793. doi: 10.1080/17461391.2017.1306114. Epub 2017 Apr 9. |
| 36294294 | Result | Wu CK, Lin YC, Lai CP, Wang HP, Hsieh TH. Dynamic Taping Improves Landing Biomechanics in Young Volleyball Athletes. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Oct 21;19(20):13716. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192013716. |
| 33150377 | Result | McGuine TA, Post EG, Biese KM, Kliethermes S, Bell DR, Watson AM, Brooks A, Lang PJ. Incidence and Risk Factors for Injuries in Girls' High School Volleyball: A Study of 2072 Players. J Athl Train. 2023 Feb;58(2):177-184. doi: 10.4085/182-20. Epub 2020 Nov 5. |
| 36913632 | Result | Skazalski C, Whiteley R, Sattler T, Kozamernik T, Bahr R. Knee, Low Back, and Shoulder Problems Among University and Professional Volleyball Players: Playing With Pain. J Athl Train. 2024 Jan 1;59(1):81-89. doi: 10.4085/1062-6050-0476.22. |
| 26502443 | Result | Reeser JC, Gregory A, Berg RL, Comstock RD. A Comparison of Women's Collegiate and Girls' High School Volleyball Injury Data Collected Prospectively Over a 4-Year Period. Sports Health. 2015 Nov-Dec;7(6):504-10. doi: 10.1177/1941738115600143. Epub 2015 Aug 10. |
| BG001 | Group Training | Prior to the study, a video recording with the correct jump and landing kinematics, showing the correct hip, knee, and ankle flexion angles, will be recorded by the researchers. The video will be a minute long, consisting of front and side angles, and featured a professional volleyball player who will not included in the study. Players in the GT group underwent the training as a group in a quiet, climate-controlled room. For standardization purposes, no questions were allowed during the training session. In the training session, players were asked to watch the correct landing video at a slightly slower speed and contemplate the appropriate hip, knee, and ankle angles. Then, the researcher explained correct landing mechanics, while referring to the correct landing video, pointed out the common errors, and described how to correct them.The researcher then will explain to the players what MI is and how it works. motor imagery: The researcher will explain to the players what MI is and how it works. Following the explanation, players will seated in a comfortable armchair facing the researcher, will ask to minimize distracting thoughts, and to be as mindful as possible without speaking for five minutes, and to imagine themselves executing the correct angles during a landing. |
| BG002 | Control Training | Players only participate in evaluations |
| BG003 | Total | Total of all reporting groups |
| years |
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| Sex: Female, Male | Count of Participants | Participants |
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| Race and Ethnicity Not Collected | Race and Ethnicity were not collected from any participant. | Count of Participants | Participants |
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| Region of Enrollment | Number | participants |
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| Playing position | Count of Participants | Participants |
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| Height | Mean | Standard Deviation | cms |
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| Weight | Mean | Standard Deviation | kgs |
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| OG001 | Group Training | Prior to the study, a video recording with the correct jump and landing kinematics, showing the correct hip, knee, and ankle flexion angles, will be recorded by the researchers. The video will be a minute long, consisting of front and side angles, and featured a professional volleyball player who will not included in the study. Players in the GT group underwent the training as a group in a quiet, climate-controlled room. For standardization purposes, no questions were allowed during the training session. In the training session, players were asked to watch the correct landing video at a slightly slower speed and contemplate the appropriate hip, knee, and ankle angles. Then, the researcher explained correct landing mechanics, while referring to the correct landing video, pointed out the common errors, and described how to correct them.The researcher then will explain to the players what MI is and how it works. |
| OG002 | Control Training | Players only participate in evaluations |
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| Secondary | Change in Cognitive Functions - Neurocognition Index. Baseline and 12. Weeks | The Computerized Neurocognitive Tests Vital Sign (CNSVS) test consists of 10 standardized neurocognitive tests: verbal memory test, visual memory test, finger tapping test, symbol digit coding test, stroop test (simple reaction test, complex reaction test, and stroop effect), shifting attention test, continuous performance test, perception of emotions test, non-verbal reasoning test, and 4-part continuous performance test. value at 12 weeks minus value at baseline). Neurcognition index is calculated by average of all sub-scores. A score greater than 109 indicates a high-functioning test subject; a score of 90-109 indicates normal function; a score of 80-89 indicates a slight deficit; a score of 70-79 indicates a moderate level of deficit or impairment; a score less than 70 indicates a deficit and impairment. The score scale is theoretically unbounded (from - to + infinity) due to its norm-referenced z-score basis. | Posted | Mean | 95% Confidence Interval | scores on a scale | From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks |
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| Primary | Kinematic Analysis: Change in Knee Flexion During Initial Contact.Baseline and 12 Weeks | The flexion angles of the hip, knee, and dorsiflexion of the ankle during jumping and landing will evaluated with the 'Dartfish Analysis System' as degree.This software possesses simultaneous recording and measurement capabilities and is compatible with mobile phones for installation. This software is employed as a clinical instrument to measure movement amplitude and velocity, biaxial spatial coordinates, and joint angles throughout movement in the volleyball players.Unilateral measurement was used. During video recording, the athletes turned to their left side, and measurements were taken from the left side. The study aimed to report a change from the baseline value. This was calculated by subtracting the baseline value from the value at week 12. | Posted | Mean | 95% Confidence Interval | Degrees | From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks |
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| Primary | Kinematic Analysis: Change in Right Knee Varus Degree During Initial Contact. Baseline and 12 Weeks | The flexion angles of the hip, knee, and dorsiflexion of the ankle during jumping and landing will evaluated with the 'Dartfish Analysis System' as degree.This software possesses simultaneous recording and measurement capabilities and is compatible with mobile phones for installation. This software is employed as a clinical instrument to measure movement amplitude and velocity, biaxial spatial coordinates, and joint angles throughout movement in the volleyball players.Knee varus angle was measured separately for the right and left sides in a frontal view. The study aimed to report a change from the baseline value. The baseline and 12-week values were taken. The 12-week value was subtracted from the baseline value to calculate the varus angle. | Posted | Mean | 95% Confidence Interval | Degrees | From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks |
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| Primary | Kinematic Analysis: Change in Left Knee Varus Degree During Initial Contact. Baseline and 12 Weeks | The flexion angles of the hip, knee, and dorsiflexion of the ankle during jumping and landing will evaluated with the 'Dartfish Analysis System' as degree.This software possesses simultaneous recording and measurement capabilities and is compatible with mobile phones for installation. This software is employed as a clinical instrument to measure movement amplitude and velocity, biaxial spatial coordinates, and joint angles throughout movement in the volleyball players.Knee varus angle was measured separately for the right and left sides in a frontal view. The study aimed to report a change from the baseline value. The baseline and 12-week values were taken. The 12-week value was subtracted from the baseline value to calculate the varus angle. | Posted | Mean | 95% Confidence Interval | Degrees | From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks |
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| Primary | Kinematic Analysis: Change in Ankle Flexion During Initial Contact. Baseline and 12 Weeks | The flexion angles of the hip, knee, and dorsiflexion of the ankle during jumping and landing will evaluated with the 'Dartfish Analysis System' as degree.This software possesses simultaneous recording and measurement capabilities and is compatible with mobile phones for installation. This software is employed as a clinical instrument to measure movement amplitude and velocity, biaxial spatial coordinates, and joint angles throughout movement in the volleyball players. Ankle flexion analysis was performed using unilateral measurements. During video recording, athletes turned to their left sides, and measurements were taken from the left side. The study aimed to report a change from baseline. Baseline and 12-week values were used. The 12-week value was subtracted from the baseline value to calculate the change. | Posted | Mean | 95% Confidence Interval | Degrees | From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks |
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| Primary | Kinematic Analysis: Change in Hip Flexion During Full Contact.Baseline and 12 Weeks | The flexion angles of the hip, knee, and dorsiflexion of the ankle during jumping and landing will evaluated with the 'Dartfish Analysis System' as degree.This software possesses simultaneous recording and measurement capabilities and is compatible with mobile phones for installation. This software is employed as a clinical instrument to measure movement amplitude and velocity, biaxial spatial coordinates, and joint angles throughout movement in the volleyball players. unilateral measurements were used. During video recording, athletes turned to their left sides and measurements were taken from the left side. The study aimed to report a change from the baseline value. The baseline and 12-week values were taken. The 12-week value was subtracted from the baseline value to calculate the change. | Posted | Mean | 95% Confidence Interval | Degrees | From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks |
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| Primary | Kinematic Analysis: Change in Knee Flexion During Full Contact. Beselina and 12 Weeks | The flexion angles of the hip, knee, and dorsiflexion of the ankle during jumping and landing will evaluated with the 'Dartfish Analysis System' as degree.This software possesses simultaneous recording and measurement capabilities and is compatible with mobile phones for installation. This software is employed as a clinical instrument to measure movement amplitude and velocity, biaxial spatial coordinates, and joint angles throughout movement in the volleyball players. Unilateral measurement was used in the knee flexion analysis. During video recording, athletes turned to their left side and measurements were taken from the left side. The study aimed to report a change from the baseline value. The baseline and 12-week values were taken. The 12-week value was subtracted from the baseline value to calculate the 12-week value. | Posted | Mean | 95% Confidence Interval | Degrees | From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks |
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| Primary | Kinematic Analysis: Change in Right Knee Varus Degree During Full Contact: Baseline and 12. Weeks. | The flexion angles of the hip, knee, and dorsiflexion of the ankle during jumping and landing will evaluated with the 'Dartfish Analysis System' as degree.This software possesses simultaneous recording and measurement capabilities and is compatible with mobile phones for installation. This software is employed as a clinical instrument to measure movement amplitude and velocity, biaxial spatial coordinates, and joint angles throughout movement in the volleyball players.Knee varus angle was measured separately for the right and left sides in a frontal view. The study aimed to report a change from the baseline value. The baseline and 12-week values were taken. The 12-week value was subtracted from the baseline value to calculate the varus angle. | Posted | Mean | 95% Confidence Interval | Degrees | From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks |
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| Primary | Kinematic Analysis: Change in Left Knee Varus Degree During Full Contact. Baseline and 12. Weeks | The flexion angles of the hip, knee, and dorsiflexion of the ankle during jumping and landing will evaluated with the 'Dartfish Analysis System' as degree.This software possesses simultaneous recording and measurement capabilities and is compatible with mobile phones for installation. This software is employed as a clinical instrument to measure movement amplitude and velocity, biaxial spatial coordinates, and joint angles throughout movement in the volleyball players.Knee varus angle was measured separately for the right and left sides in a frontal view. The study aimed to report a change from the baseline value. The baseline and 12-week values were taken. The 12-week value was subtracted from the baseline value to calculate the varus angle. | Posted | Mean | 95% Confidence Interval | Degrees | From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks |
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| Primary | Kinematic Analysis: Change in Ankle Flexion During Full Contact. Baseline and 12. Weeks. | The flexion angles of the hip, knee, and dorsiflexion of the ankle during jumping and landing will evaluated with the 'Dartfish Analysis System' as degree.This software possesses simultaneous recording and measurement capabilities and is compatible with mobile phones for installation. This software is employed as a clinical instrument to measure movement amplitude and velocity, biaxial spatial coordinates, and joint angles throughout movement in the volleyball players. Ankle flexion analysis was performed using unilateral measurements. During video recording, athletes turned to their left sides, and measurements were taken from the left side. The study aimed to report a change from baseline. Baseline and 12-week values were used. The 12-week value was subtracted from the baseline value to calculate the change. | Posted | Mean | 95% Confidence Interval | Degrees | From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks |
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| Secondary | Change in Cognitive Functions - Composite Memory. Beseline and 12. Weeks | The Computerized Neurocognitive Tests Vital Sign (CNSVS) test consists of 10 standardized neurocognitive tests: verbal memory test, visual memory test, finger tapping test, symbol digit coding test, stroop test (simple reaction test, complex reaction test, and stroop effect), shifting attention test, continuous performance test, perception of emotions test, non-verbal reasoning test, and 4-part continuous performance test. Calculated by value at 12 weeks minus value at baseline). A score greater than 109 indicates a high-functioning test subject; a score of 90-109 indicates normal function; a score of 80-89 indicates a slight deficit; a score of 70-79 indicates a moderate level of deficit or impairment; a score less than 70 indicates a deficit and impairment. The score scale is theoretically unbounded (from - to + infinity) due to its norm-referenced z-score basis, but in practice operates within effective minimum and maximum limits imposed by the normative data and scoring algoritihm | Posted | Mean | 95% Confidence Interval | scores on a scale | From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks |
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| Secondary | Change in Cognitive Functions - Verbal Memory. Baseline and 12. Weeks | The Computerized Neurocognitive Tests Vital Sign (CNSVS) test consists of 10 standardized neurocognitive tests: verbal memory test, visual memory test, finger tapping test, symbol digit coding test, stroop test (simple reaction test, complex reaction test, and stroop effect), shifting attention test, continuous performance test, perception of emotions test, non-verbal reasoning test, and 4-part continuous performance test. Calculated by value at 12 weeks minus value at baseline). A score greater than 109 indicates a high-functioning test subject; a score of 90-109 indicates normal function; a score of 80-89 indicates a slight deficit; a score of 70-79 indicates a moderate level of deficit or impairment; a score less than 70 indicates a deficit and impairment. The score scale is theoretically unbounded (from - to + infinity) due to its norm-referenced z-score basis, but in practice operates within effective minimum and maximum limits imposed by the normative data and scoring algoritihm | Posted | Mean | 95% Confidence Interval | scores on a scale | From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks |
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| Secondary | Change in Cognitive Functions - Visual Memory. Baseline and 12. Weeks | The Computerized Neurocognitive Tests Vital Sign (CNSVS) test consists of 10 standardized neurocognitive tests: verbal memory test, visual memory test, finger tapping test, symbol digit coding test, stroop test (simple reaction test, complex reaction test, and stroop effect), shifting attention test, continuous performance test, perception of emotions test, non-verbal reasoning test, and 4-part continuous performance test. Calculated by value at 12 weeks minus value at baseline). A score greater than 109 indicates a high-functioning test subject; a score of 90-109 indicates normal function; a score of 80-89 indicates a slight deficit; a score of 70-79 indicates a moderate level of deficit or impairment; a score less than 70 indicates a deficit and impairment. The score scale is theoretically unbounded (from - to + infinity) due to its norm-referenced z-score basis, but in practice operates within effective minimum and maximum limits imposed by the normative data and scoring algoritihm | Posted | Mean | 95% Confidence Interval | scores on a scale | From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks |
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| Secondary | Change in Cognitive Functions - Psychomotor Speed. Baseline and 12. Weeks | The Computerized Neurocognitive Tests Vital Sign (CNSVS) test consists of 10 standardized neurocognitive tests: verbal memory test, visual memory test, finger tapping test, symbol digit coding test, stroop test (simple reaction test, complex reaction test, and stroop effect), shifting attention test, continuous performance test, perception of emotions test, non-verbal reasoning test, and 4-part continuous performance test. Calculated by value at 12 weeks minus value at baseline). A score greater than 109 indicates a high-functioning test subject; a score of 90-109 indicates normal function; a score of 80-89 indicates a slight deficit; a score of 70-79 indicates a moderate level of deficit or impairment; a score less than 70 indicates a deficit and impairment. The score scale is theoretically unbounded (from - to + infinity) due to its norm-referenced z-score basis, but in practice operates within effective minimum and maximum limits imposed by the normative data and scoring algoritihm | Posted | Mean | 95% Confidence Interval | scores on a scale | From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks |
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| Secondary | Change in Cognitive Functions - Reaction Time. Baseline and 12. Weeks | The Computerized Neurocognitive Tests Vital Sign (CNSVS) test consists of 10 standardized neurocognitive tests: verbal memory test, visual memory test, finger tapping test, symbol digit coding test, stroop test (simple reaction test, complex reaction test, and stroop effect), shifting attention test, continuous performance test, perception of emotions test, non-verbal reasoning test, and 4-part continuous performance test. Calculated by value at 12 weeks minus value at baseline). A score greater than 109 indicates a high-functioning test subject; a score of 90-109 indicates normal function; a score of 80-89 indicates a slight deficit; a score of 70-79 indicates a moderate level of deficit or impairment; a score less than 70 indicates a deficit and impairment. The score scale is theoretically unbounded (from - to + infinity) due to its norm-referenced z-score basis, but in practice operates within effective minimum and maximum limits imposed by the normative data and scoring algoritihm | Posted | Mean | 95% Confidence Interval | scores on a scale | From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks |
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| Secondary | Change in Cognitive Functions - Complex Attention. Baseline and 12. Weeks | The Computerized Neurocognitive Tests Vital Sign (CNSVS) test consists of 10 standardized neurocognitive tests: verbal memory test, visual memory test, finger tapping test, symbol digit coding test, stroop test (simple reaction test, complex reaction test, and stroop effect), shifting attention test, continuous performance test, perception of emotions test, non-verbal reasoning test, and 4-part continuous performance test. Calculated by value at 12 weeks minus value at baseline). A score greater than 109 indicates a high-functioning test subject; a score of 90-109 indicates normal function; a score of 80-89 indicates a slight deficit; a score of 70-79 indicates a moderate level of deficit or impairment; a score less than 70 indicates a deficit and impairment. The score scale is theoretically unbounded (from - to + infinity) due to its norm-referenced z-score basis, but in practice operates within effective minimum and maximum limits imposed by the normative data and scoring algoritihm | Posted | Mean | 95% Confidence Interval | scores on a scale | From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks |
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| Secondary | Change in Cognitive Functions - Cognitive Flexibility. Baseline and 12. Weeks. | The Computerized Neurocognitive Tests Vital Sign (CNSVS) test consists of 10 standardized neurocognitive tests: verbal memory test, visual memory test, finger tapping test, symbol digit coding test, stroop test (simple reaction test, complex reaction test, and stroop effect), shifting attention test, continuous performance test, perception of emotions test, non-verbal reasoning test, and 4-part continuous performance test. Calculated by value at 12 weeks minus value at baseline). A score greater than 109 indicates a high-functioning test subject; a score of 90-109 indicates normal function; a score of 80-89 indicates a slight deficit; a score of 70-79 indicates a moderate level of deficit or impairment; a score less than 70 indicates a deficit and impairment. The score scale is theoretically unbounded (from - to + infinity) due to its norm-referenced z-score basis, but in practice operates within effective minimum and maximum limits imposed by the normative data and scoring algoritihm | Posted | Mean | 95% Confidence Interval | scores on a scale | From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks |
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| Secondary | Change in Cognitive Functions - Processing Speed. Baseline and 12. Weeks | The Computerized Neurocognitive Tests Vital Sign (CNSVS) test consists of 10 standardized neurocognitive tests: verbal memory test, visual memory test, finger tapping test, symbol digit coding test, stroop test (simple reaction test, complex reaction test, and stroop effect), shifting attention test, continuous performance test, perception of emotions test, non-verbal reasoning test, and 4-part continuous performance test. Calculated by value at 12 weeks minus value at baseline). A score greater than 109 indicates a high-functioning test subject; a score of 90-109 indicates normal function; a score of 80-89 indicates a slight deficit; a score of 70-79 indicates a moderate level of deficit or impairment; a score less than 70 indicates a deficit and impairment. The score scale is theoretically unbounded (from - to + infinity) due to its norm-referenced z-score basis, but in practice operates within effective minimum and maximum limits imposed by the normative data and scoring algoritihm | Posted | Mean | 95% Confidence Interval | scores on a scale | From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks |
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| Secondary | Change in Cognitive Functions - Executive Function. Baseline and 12. Weeks | The Computerized Neurocognitive Tests Vital Sign (CNSVS) test consists of 10 standardized neurocognitive tests: verbal memory test, visual memory test, finger tapping test, symbol digit coding test, stroop test (simple reaction test, complex reaction test, and stroop effect), shifting attention test, continuous performance test, perception of emotions test, non-verbal reasoning test, and 4-part continuous performance test. Calculated by value at 12 weeks minus value at baseline). A score greater than 109 indicates a high-functioning test subject; a score of 90-109 indicates normal function; a score of 80-89 indicates a slight deficit; a score of 70-79 indicates a moderate level of deficit or impairment; a score less than 70 indicates a deficit and impairment. The score scale is theoretically unbounded (from - to + infinity) due to its norm-referenced z-score basis, but in practice operates within effective minimum and maximum limits imposed by the normative data and scoring algoritihm | Posted | Mean | 95% Confidence Interval | scores on a scale | From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks |
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| Secondary | Change in Cognitive Functions - Social Acuity. Baseline and 12. Weeks | The Computerized Neurocognitive Tests Vital Sign (CNSVS) test consists of 10 standardized neurocognitive tests: verbal memory test, visual memory test, finger tapping test, symbol digit coding test, stroop test (simple reaction test, complex reaction test, and stroop effect), shifting attention test, continuous performance test, perception of emotions test, non-verbal reasoning test, and 4-part continuous performance test. Calculated by value at 12 weeks minus value at baseline). A score greater than 109 indicates a high-functioning test subject; a score of 90-109 indicates normal function; a score of 80-89 indicates a slight deficit; a score of 70-79 indicates a moderate level of deficit or impairment; a score less than 70 indicates a deficit and impairment. The score scale is theoretically unbounded (from - to + infinity) due to its norm-referenced z-score basis, but in practice operates within effective minimum and maximum limits imposed by the normative data and scoring algoritihm | Posted | Mean | 95% Confidence Interval | scores on a scale | From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks |
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| Secondary | Change in Cognitive Functions - Reasoning. Baseline and 12. Weeks | The Computerized Neurocognitive Tests Vital Sign (CNSVS) test consists of 10 standardized neurocognitive tests: verbal memory test, visual memory test, finger tapping test, symbol digit coding test, stroop test (simple reaction test, complex reaction test, and stroop effect), shifting attention test, continuous performance test, perception of emotions test, non-verbal reasoning test, and 4-part continuous performance test. Calculated by value at 12 weeks minus value at baseline). A score greater than 109 indicates a high-functioning test subject; a score of 90-109 indicates normal function; a score of 80-89 indicates a slight deficit; a score of 70-79 indicates a moderate level of deficit or impairment; a score less than 70 indicates a deficit and impairment. The score scale is theoretically unbounded (from - to + infinity) due to its norm-referenced z-score basis, but in practice operates within effective minimum and maximum limits imposed by the normative data and scoring algoritihm | Posted | Mean | 95% Confidence Interval | scores on a scale | From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks |
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| Secondary | Change in Cognitive Functions - Working Memory. Baseline and 12. Weeks | The Computerized Neurocognitive Tests Vital Sign (CNSVS) test consists of 10 standardized neurocognitive tests: verbal memory test, visual memory test, finger tapping test, symbol digit coding test, stroop test (simple reaction test, complex reaction test, and stroop effect), shifting attention test, continuous performance test, perception of emotions test, non-verbal reasoning test, and 4-part continuous performance test. Calculated by value at 12 weeks minus value at baseline). A score greater than 109 indicates a high-functioning test subject; a score of 90-109 indicates normal function; a score of 80-89 indicates a slight deficit; a score of 70-79 indicates a moderate level of deficit or impairment; a score less than 70 indicates a deficit and impairment. The score scale is theoretically unbounded (from - to + infinity) due to its norm-referenced z-score basis, but in practice operates within effective minimum and maximum limits imposed by the normative data and scoring algoritihm | Posted | Mean | 95% Confidence Interval | scores on a scale | From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks |
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| Secondary | Change in Cognitive Functions - Sustained Attention. Baseline and 12. Weeks | The Computerized Neurocognitive Tests Vital Sign (CNSVS) test consists of 10 standardized neurocognitive tests: verbal memory test, visual memory test, finger tapping test, symbol digit coding test, stroop test (simple reaction test, complex reaction test, and stroop effect), shifting attention test, continuous performance test, perception of emotions test, non-verbal reasoning test, and 4-part continuous performance test. Calculated by value at 12 weeks minus value at baseline). A score greater than 109 indicates a high-functioning test subject; a score of 90-109 indicates normal function; a score of 80-89 indicates a slight deficit; a score of 70-79 indicates a moderate level of deficit or impairment; a score less than 70 indicates a deficit and impairment. The score scale is theoretically unbounded (from - to + infinity) due to its norm-referenced z-score basis, but in practice operates within effective minimum and maximum limits imposed by the normative data and scoring algoritihm | Posted | Mean | 95% Confidence Interval | scores on a scale | From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks |
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| Secondary | Change in Cognitive Functions - Simple Attention. Baseline and 12. Weeks | The Computerized Neurocognitive Tests Vital Sign (CNSVS) test consists of 10 standardized neurocognitive tests: verbal memory test, visual memory test, finger tapping test, symbol digit coding test, stroop test (simple reaction test, complex reaction test, and stroop effect), shifting attention test, continuous performance test, perception of emotions test, non-verbal reasoning test, and 4-part continuous performance test. Calculated by value at 12 weeks minus value at baseline). A score greater than 109 indicates a high-functioning test subject; a score of 90-109 indicates normal function; a score of 80-89 indicates a slight deficit; a score of 70-79 indicates a moderate level of deficit or impairment; a score less than 70 indicates a deficit and impairment. The score scale is theoretically unbounded (from - to + infinity) due to its norm-referenced z-score basis, but in practice operates within effective minimum and maximum limits imposed by the normative data and scoring algoritihm | Posted | Mean | 95% Confidence Interval | scores on a scale | From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks |
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| Secondary | Change in Cognitive Functions - Motor Speed. Baseline and 12. Weeks | The Computerized Neurocognitive Tests Vital Sign (CNSVS) test consists of 10 standardized neurocognitive tests: verbal memory test, visual memory test, finger tapping test, symbol digit coding test, stroop test (simple reaction test, complex reaction test, and stroop effect), shifting attention test, continuous performance test, perception of emotions test, non-verbal reasoning test, and 4-part continuous performance test. Calculated by value at 12 weeks minus value at baseline). A score greater than 109 indicates a high-functioning test subject; a score of 90-109 indicates normal function; a score of 80-89 indicates a slight deficit; a score of 70-79 indicates a moderate level of deficit or impairment; a score less than 70 indicates a deficit and impairment. The score scale is theoretically unbounded (from - to + infinity) due to its norm-referenced z-score basis, but in practice operates within effective minimum and maximum limits imposed by the normative data and scoring algoritihm | Posted | Mean | 95% Confidence Interval | scores on a scale | From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks |
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