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The effects of breathing exercises and physical activity counseling applied for 4 weeks on the number of daily steps, dyspnea, pain, fatigue, mood and quality of life in individuals who have just had COVID-19 are not yet known. For this reason, it was aimed to investigate in this study.
In the COVID-19 pandemic, which deepened the physical inactivity and sedentary lifestyle, the severity and mortality effect of the virus on humans has decreased today. On the other hand, some symptoms may continue to be seen after recovery in individuals who survived COVID-19. It is known that regular physical activities increase immunity and quality of life, reduce stress, anxiety and depression, and support the musculoskeletal and cardiovascular systems. This study aimed to search effects of breathing exercises and physical activity counseling on the step counts, dyspnea, pain, fatigue, mood and quality of life in individuals with post-COVID-19.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Study group | Experimental | The individuals in the study group were given thoracic expansion exercises and physical activity counseling. |
|
| Control group | No Intervention | Individuals in this group continued their normal daily living activities and were followed up only with follow-up. |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thoracic expansion exercises | Other | Individuals placed their hands on their lower ribs and then took 3 deep breaths under their hands in a row. After this cycle, individuals rested by taking 3-4 calm breaths. The cycle was repeated 10 times. The individual did this session 4 times a day. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Daily step counts | Daily average step counts were recorded via a pedometer. | Baseline, at the end of everyday during 4-week and at 4 weeks after baseline evaluation |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Anxiety score | The score was obtained from Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale.The lowest score on this scale is 0 and the highest is 21, with higher scores indicating increased anxiety. | Baseline and at 4 weeks after baseline evaluation |
| Depression score |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| GÃœLÅžAH BARÄžI, Assoc. Dr. | Izmir Democracy University | Study Director |
| SENA UYGUNLAR | Izmir Democracy University | Principal Investigator |
| GÃœLCAN POLAT | Izmir Democracy University | Principal Investigator |
| DÄ°LAN SU AKTAÅž | Izmir Democracy University | Principal Investigator |
| UÄžUR CANBULAT | Izmir Democracy University | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Izmir Democracy University | Izmir | 35140 | Turkey (Türkiye) |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 32541352 | Background | Wang TJ, Chau B, Lui M, Lam GT, Lin N, Humbert S. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and Pulmonary Rehabilitation for COVID-19. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2020 Sep;99(9):769-774. doi: 10.1097/PHM.0000000000001505. | |
| 33163638 | Background | Amini H, Isanejad A, Chamani N, Movahedi-Fard F, Salimi F, Moezi M, Habibi S. Physical activity during COVID-19 pandemic in the Iranian population: A brief report. Heliyon. 2020 Nov;6(11):e05411. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05411. Epub 2020 Nov 2. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000086382 | COVID-19 |
| D009043 | Motor Activity |
| D004417 | Dyspnea |
| D010146 | Pain |
| D005221 | Fatigue |
| D001008 | Anxiety Disorders |
| D003863 | Depression |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D011024 | Pneumonia, Viral |
| D011014 | Pneumonia |
| D012141 | Respiratory Tract Infections |
| D007239 | Infections |
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Single-blind study; the participants were not informed about whether they were in the study group or control group.
|
| Physical activity counseling | Other | Individuals were given weekly group phone calls and meetings. Individuals were gradually accustomed to regular walking to increase their daily step count. In the first week, individuals were asked to walk a total of 30-45 minutes per day, at least 4-5 days per week, and to increase the number of steps measured at the beginning by approximately 1000-2000 steps per day to reach at least 6500 steps. In the second week, the expected goal was at least 7500 steps. In the third and fourth weeks, they were asked to reach at least 10000 steps. |
|
The score was obtained from Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale.The lowest score on this scale is 0 and the highest is 21, with higher scores indicating increased anxiety. |
| Baseline and at 4 weeks after baseline evaluation |
| Dyspnea score | The score was obtained from Medical Research Council Dyspnea Scale.The lowest score on this scale is 0 and the highest is 4; higher scores indicate increased dyspnea. | Baseline and at 4 weeks after baseline evaluation |
| Pain score | The score was obtained from Numerical Rating Scale.The lowest score on this scale is 0 and the highest is 10, with higher scores indicating increased pain. | Baseline and at 4 weeks after baseline evaluation |
| Fatigue score | The score was obtained from Numerical Rating Scale.The lowest score on this scale is 0 and the highest is 10, with higher scores indicating increased fatigue. | Baseline and at 4 weeks after baseline evaluation |
| Quality of life score | The score was obtained from Short-Form (SF)-36 Quality of life Questionnaire.The lowest score on this scale is 0 and the highest is 100, with higher scores indicating higher quality of life. | Baseline and at 4 weeks after baseline evaluation |
| D014777 |
| Virus Diseases |
| D018352 | Coronavirus Infections |
| D003333 | Coronaviridae Infections |
| D030341 | Nidovirales Infections |
| D012327 | RNA Virus Infections |
| D008171 | Lung Diseases |
| D012140 | Respiratory Tract Diseases |
| D001519 | Behavior |
| D012120 | Respiration Disorders |
| D012818 | Signs and Symptoms, Respiratory |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D009461 | Neurologic Manifestations |
| D001523 | Mental Disorders |
| D001526 | Behavioral Symptoms |