The investigators performing this research to study if routine flushing is necessary to prevent obstructions of a nephrostomy tube. This study will evaluate patients that have nephrostomy tube or will have nephrostomy tubes placed as part of their standard clinical care.

If participants agree to participate in this study, participants will undergo randomized assignment to either continue to routinely flush the nephrostomy tube with normal saline or not to routinely flush the nephrostomy tube with normal saline. Participantswill be in the study for approximately 3 months if they decide to stay for the whole study.

A percutaneous nephrostomy tube (PCN) is an external draining catheter that is positioned within the renal pelvis to allow urine to drain externally. PCNs may be placed for several indications including for urinary obstruction, urinary diversion, or to create an access point for endoscopic procedures. Patients often return to the interventional suite prior to their routine preventative exchange due to catheter related complications, such as dislodgement, kinking, or blockages. Often, these catheter related complications require additional procedures, which adds risk from instrumentation and sedation.

Routine saline flushing of percutaneous nephrostomy tubes is commonly performed at many institutions with the intent of reducing incidences of tube obstruction. Patients at some institutions are instructed to flush their nephrostomy tubes between one to three times a day with 10mL of normal saline. Although routine flushing is widely practiced, to our knowledge, there is no published evidence to support the efficacy of flushing in reducing incidence of nephrostomy tube obstruction. Furthermore, flushing of the percutaneous nephrostomy tubes may impact patient's quality of life, due to discomfort related with flushing, bear cost to the patient, and manipulation of the catheter while flushing, which may lead to inadvertent dislodgment.

In this pilot study, the investigators would like to investigate if there is any significant difference of routine flushing of nephrostomy tubes on the rates of nephrostomy tube obstructions. If there is no significant difference, this could potentially lead to larger studies that can elucidate the efficacy of this practice.

Normal Saline Normal saline is an isotonic solution of 0.9% of sodium chloride and contains 154 mmol/L of sodium and chloride ions. It widely used intravenously for fluid resuscitation or as a drug solvent. Intravenous administration of normal saline has very little impact on the human body in patients with normal renal function and in physiologic conditions. In addition, it has also been used to flush a wide variety of catheters in the interventional radiology field, including abscess drains, percutaneous biliary drains, and nephrostomy tubes. Any impact of normal saline administered directly into the urinary system has never been studied, although it has been thought to be safe and is commonly performed in interventional radiology practice.

Proposed Research

The investigators hypothesize that routine flushing of percutaneous nephrostomy tubes does not significantly change the incidence of nephrostomy tube obstructions. The study design is a single center, prospective, randomized pilot study. The investigators will enroll 20 patients with nephrostomy tubes, male, female, or non-binary, aged 18 - 80 years, with a new or ongoing indication for a nephrostomy tube. Subjects will be allocated 1:1 to the intervention, no routine flushing of the nephrostomy tube, and control arms, routine flushing of the nephrostomy tube. Any patients who are on a shortened exchange interval due to frequent encrustations of their nephrostomy tubes or have a planned definitive treatment for the indication of their nephrostomy tube prior to their next scheduled routine exchange will be excluded.

Patients will be enrolled at their index nephrostomy tube placement or their routine nephrostomy tube exchange. Once enrolled, the patients will undergo randomization to either the experimental or control arms. The patient will then undergo the percutaneous nephrostomy tube placement or exchange procedure per standard of care. There will be a single follow up timepoint at their routine exchange appointment or earlier if there are any catheter related complications and it is determined, per standard of care, that an unplanned nephrostomy tube exchange procedure is indicated. At the follow up timepoint, a physician will determine if there is any obstruction or dislodgement of the nephrostomy tube.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Age 18-80, with planned nephrostomy tube exchange or new nephrostomy tube placement with ongoing need for a nephrostomy tube.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Current local infection
• History of anaphylaxis to iodinated contrast
• Pregnant or intent to become pregnant during the study
• Irreversible coagulopathy
• Planned for definitive treatment for the clinical indication of the nephrostomy tube prior to 12-week post-intervention.
• Planned routine exchange prior to 12 weeks after nephrostomy tube exchange or placement procedure
• Complete sensory loss below T10 dermatome.

Demographics Tube occlusion rates Tube dislodgement rates