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This study investigates how different ways of reflecting on emotions in daily life influence emotional awareness, emotion regulation, and mental health. Using the FeelSync mobile app over the course of seven days, participants are prompted multiple times a day to report on their current emotional state in various formats (e.g., rating scales, multiple choice, or free text). In some groups, participants also receive brief daily exercises designed to help them practice cognitive reappraisal-a strategy that involves reframing stressful situations to reduce their emotional impact. The study aims to assess not only the overall effectiveness of these reappraisal exercises but also whether the type of emotional self-report used before the intervention affects its impact. All participants complete questionnaires before and after the app phase to track changes in mood, stress, emotional awareness, and regulation.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ecological Momentary Assessment with self-generated emotion description | Active Comparator | Ecological Momentary Assessment with participant's self-generated emotion description in an open-ended question form, in English, provided five times daily for seven consecutive days |
|
| Ecological Momentary Assessment with pre-defined set of emotion items to select | Active Comparator | Ecological Momentary Assessment with pre-defined set of emotion items to select in a multiple-choice question form, in English, provided five times daily for seven consecutive days |
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| Ecological Momentary Assessment with pre-defined set of emotion items to rate on a Likert scale | Active Comparator | Ecological Momentary Assessment with pre-defined set of emotion items to rate on a seven-point Likert scale, in a slider form, in English, provided five times daily for seven consecutive days |
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| Ecological Momentary Intervention with self-generated emotion description | Experimental | Ecological Momentary Intervention focused on cognitive reappraisal, with a possibility to choose between distancing and positive reappraisal, provided three times daily and preceded by Ecological Momentary Assessment with participant's self-generated emotion description in an open-ended question form, in English, provided five times daily for seven consecutive days |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FeelSync mobile application | Device | Ecological Momentary Intervention focused on cognitive reappraisal for distressing autobiographical memories, with a possibility to choose between distancing and positive reappraisal. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Perceived Stress Scale | Self-report questionnaire, Range: 0 - 40 Higher scores: Worse outcome (higher perceived stress) | Baseline (pre-intervention, study day 1) and Follow-up (post intervention, study day 9) |
| Beck Depression Inventory II | Self-report questionnaire, Range: 0 - 63 Higher scores: Worse outcome (more severe depressive symptoms) | Baseline (pre-intervention, study day 1) and Follow-up (post intervention, study day 9) |
| State-Trait Anxiety Inventory | Self-report questionnaire, [state scale only], Range: 20 - 80 Higher scores: Worse outcome (greater state anxiety) | Baseline (pre-intervention, study day 1) and Follow-up (post intervention, study day 9) |
| Emotion Regulation Questionnaire | Self-report questionnaire, Reappraisal subscale: Range 1 - 7 (mean of 6 items) Higher scores: Better outcome (more frequent use of cognitive reappraisal) Suppression subscale: Range 1 - 7 (mean of 4 items) Higher scores: Worse outcome (more frequent use of suppression) | Baseline (pre-intervention, study day 1) and Follow-up (post intervention, study day 9) |
| Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire | Self-report questionnaire, Subscale range: 2 - 10 per strategy Higher scores: On adaptive strategies (e.g., positive reappraisal, putting into perspective): Better outcome On maladaptive strategies (e.g., rumination, catastrophizing): Worse outcome | Baseline (pre-intervention, study day 1) and Follow-up (post intervention, study day 9) |
| Toronto Alexithymia Scale |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Mobile Agnew Relationship Measure | Self-report questionnaire, Range: 16-112 Higher scores: Better outcome (stronger perceived therapeutic alliance with the app/intervention) | Follow-up (post intervention, study day 9) |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
- Severe mental health disorder
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| Name | Role | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marta A Marciniak, Dr | Contact | +31 10 754 5276 | marciniak@essb.eur.nl |
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Erasmus University Rotterdam | Recruiting | Rotterdam | Netherlands |
Only anonymized data from the self-report questionnaires will be shared via Open Science Framework.
09/2025-09/2035
Anyone will be able to access anonymized participant data from self-report questionnaires.
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| Ecological Momentary Intervention with self-generated emotion description in mother tongue | Experimental | Ecological Momentary Intervention focused on cognitive reappraisal, with a possibility to choose between distancing and positive reappraisal, provided three times daily and preceded by Ecological Momentary Assessment with participant's self-generated emotion description in an open-ended question form, in participant's mother tongue, provided five times daily for seven consecutive days |
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| Ecological Momentary Intervention with pre-defined set of emotion items to select | Experimental | Ecological Momentary Intervention focused on cognitive reappraisal, with a possibility to choose between distancing and positive reappraisal, provided three times daily and preceded by Ecological Momentary Assessment with pre-defined set of emotion items to rate on a seven-point Likert scale, in a slider form, in English, provided five times daily for seven consecutive days |
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| Ecological Momentary Intervention with pre-defined set of emotion items to rate on a Likert scale | Experimental | Ecological Momentary Intervention focused on cognitive reappraisal, with a possibility to choose between distancing and positive reappraisal, provided three times daily and preceded by Ecological Momentary Assessment with pre-defined set of emotion items to rate on a seven-point Likert scale, in a slider form, in English, provided five times daily for seven consecutive days |
|
| Ecological Momentary Assessment mobile application | Device | Ecological Momentary Assessment used for self-monitoring of emotional states. |
|
Self-report questionnaire, Range: 20 - 100 Higher scores: Worse outcome (greater difficulties in identifying and describing feelings; lower emotional awareness)
| Baseline (pre-intervention, study day 1) and Follow-up (post intervention, study day 9) |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D007802 | Language |
| D000080103 | Emotional Regulation |
| D000092862 | Psychological Well-Being |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D003142 | Communication |
| D001519 | Behavior |
| D000068356 | Self-Control |
| D012919 | Social Behavior |
| D010549 | Personal Satisfaction |
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