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Previous studies suggest that increased extravascular lung water might be found in open water swimmers without respiratory symptoms. This study aims to investigate a large number of asymptomatic individuals after an open-water swimming race to assess the prevalence of increased extravascular lung water in asymptomatic open-water swimmers.
Swimming-induced pulmonary edema (SIPE) can occur during open-water swimming. The pathophysiological mechanisms are still partly unknown, but central pooling of blood volume and peripheral vasoconstriction have been suggested as important factors. SIPE is characterized by acute onset of dyspnea and cough, sometimes with excessive sputum and hemoptysis. The condition usually resolves spontaneously, but medical attention can be required in more severe cases.
Previous studies suggest that SIPE is diagnosed by clinical symptoms, decreased peripheral oxygen saturation and signs of pulmonary edema on lung ultrasound. Interestingly, signs of increased extravascular lung water have been found in divers without respiratory symptoms. There are no similar studies regarding open-water swimmers.
This study aims to investigate a large number of swimmers without respiratory symptoms after finishing an open-water swimming race. Prevalence and amount of increased extravascular lung water after swimming will be assessed by lung ultrasound. In addition, individual baseline factors and information about the race associated with increased extravascular lung water will be evaluated. This study will provide better understanding of the pathophysiological mechanism of SIPE.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Asymptomatic swimmers | Swimmers (18 years or older) finishing an open-water swimming race during the "Vansbrosimningen" open water swimming event, Sweden, without respiratory symptoms. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lung ultrasound | Diagnostic Test | Four chest regions for both lungs are scanned by lung ultrasound; a positive region defined by the presence of three or more B-line artifacts. Bilateral or unilateral presence of two or more positive regions define positive interstitial syndrome. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Interstitial syndrome assessed by lung ultrasound (yes/no) | Four chest regions for both lungs are scanned by lung ultrasound; a positive region defined by the presence of three or more B-line artifacts. Bilateral or unilateral presence of two or more positive regions define positive interstitial syndrome. | Within 1 hour after termination of swimming |
| Number of regions presenting B-lines on lung ultrasound | Four chest regions for both lungs are scanned by lung ultrasound; a positive region defined by the presence of three or more B-line artifacts. Assessment of the total number of positive regions. | Within 1 hour after termination of swimming |
| Absolute number of B-lines on lung ultrasound | Four chest regions for both lungs are scanned by lung ultrasound; the absolute number of B-lines in each region is counted. | Within 1 hour after termination of swimming |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Peripheral oxygen saturation | Peripheral oxygen saturation measured by non-invasive pulse oxymetry | Within 1 hour after termination of swimming |
| Presence of crackles on lung auscultation (yes/no) |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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Swimmers of all swimming skills that participate in the open-water swimming event of Vansbrosimningen - a Swedish open-water swimming event that takes place in Vansbro, Sweden
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Center of Clinical Research Dalarna | Falun | Dalarna County | Sweden | |||
| Center of Clinical Research Dalarna |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D011654 | Pulmonary Edema |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D008171 | Lung Diseases |
| D012140 | Respiratory Tract Diseases |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000089382 | Oxygen Saturation |
| D001831 | Body Temperature |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D008660 | Metabolism |
| D055986 | Vital Signs |
| D010808 | Physical Examination |
| D019937 | Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures |
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|
| Peripheral oxygen saturation | Diagnostic Test | Peripheral oxygen saturation measured by non-invasive pulse oxymetry |
|
| Lung auscultation | Diagnostic Test | Clinical auscultation of lungs |
|
| Body temperature | Diagnostic Test | Body temperature measured by ear thermometer. |
|
Presence of crackles on lung auscultation
| Within 1 hour after termination of swimming |
| Body temperature | Body temperature measured by ear thermometer | Within 1 hour after termination of swimming |
| Interstitial syndrome assessed by lung ultrasound (yes/no) | Four chest regions for both lungs are scanned by lung ultrasound; a positive region defined by the presence of three or more B-line artifacts. Bilateral or unilateral presence of two or more positive regions define positive interstitial syndrome. Performed in individuals with signs of increased extravascular lung water after swimming. | At follow up within 4 hours after termination of swimming |
| Number of regions presenting B-lines on lung ultrasound | Four chest regions for both lungs are scanned by lung ultrasound; a positive region defined by the presence of three or more B-line artifacts. Assessment of the total number of positive regions. Performed in individuals with signs of increased extravascular lung water after swimming. | At follow up within 4 hours after termination of swimming |
| Absolute number of B-lines on lung ultrasound | Four chest regions for both lungs are scanned by lung ultrasound; the absolute number of B-lines in each region is counted in individuals with sign of increased extravascular lung water after swimming. Performed in individuals with signs of increased extravascular lung water after swimming. | At follow up within 4 hours after termination of swimming |
| Absolute number of B-lines on lung ultrasound | Four chest regions for both lungs are scanned by lung ultrasound; the absolute number of B-lines in each region is counted. | At baseline 2-4 hours before swimming |
| Peripheral oxygen saturation | Peripheral oxygen saturation measured by non-invasive pulse oxymetry | At baseline 2-4 hours before swimming. |
| Body temperature | Body temperature measured by ear thermometer | At baseline 2-4 hours before swimming. |
| Perceived exertion during swimming | Perceived exertion during the swimming race measured by "Borg rating of perceived exertion scale". Values on the scale range from a minimum value of 6 (no exertion) to a maximum value of 20 (maximal exertion). | Within 1 hour after termination of swimming |
| Falun |
| 79182 |
| Sweden |
| D003933 |
| Diagnosis |
| D010829 | Physiological Phenomena |