Control Group:

Resting splint fixing the ankle in neutral position

Worn every night before going to bed, used for 6-8 hours

Objective: To reduce the pressure on the median nerve

Exercise Programme:

Applied 1-2 times a day

Each exercise 10 repetitions, 2 sets

Content:

Nerve mobilisation exercises (median nerve sliding and stretching)

Wrist stretching and flexor-extensor tendon sliding exercises

Finger opening-closing, fist making exercises

ESWT group:

Resting splint fixing the ankle in neutral position

Worn every night before going to bed, used for 6-8 hours

Objective: To reduce the pressure on the median nerve

Exercise Programme:

Applied 1 time per day

Each exercise 10 repetitions, 2 sets

Content:

Nerve mobilisation exercises (median nerve sliding and stretching)

Wrist stretching and flexor-extensor tendon sliding exercises

Finger opening-closing, fist making exercises

ESWT Protocol:

Device Radial ESWT device

Area of application Wrist volar surface (carpal tunnel area)

Parameters

Frequency: 5 Hz

4 Bar

Number of beats 2000 pulses/session

Application time 5-10 minutes per session

ESWT+Taping Group:

Resting splint fixing the ankle in neutral position Worn every night before going to bed, used for 6-8 hours Objective: To reduce the pressure on the median nerve

Exercise Programme:

Applied 1 time per day Each exercise 10 repetitions, 2 sets

Content:

Nerve mobilisation exercises (median nerve sliding and stretching) Wrist stretching and flexor-extensor tendon sliding exercises Finger opening-closing, fist making exercises

ESWT Protocol:

Device Radial ESWT device Area of application Wrist volar surface (carpal tunnel area) Parameters Frequency: 5 Hz 4 Bar Number of beats 2000 pulses/session

Kinesiobanding technique Kinesio taping was performed with the Button hole technique described by Dr Kenzo Kase. In this technique, a kinesio tape was measured and cut from the medial and lateral epicondyle level on the palmar side of the forearm, from the base of the proximal phalanges to the epicondyles of the humerus on the dorsal side of the forearm.

Night Splint Resting splint fixing the ankle in neutral position

Worn every night before going to bed, used for 6-8 hours

Objective: To reduce the pressure on the median nerve

Exercise Programme:

Applied 1-2 times a day

Each exercise 10 repetitions, 2 sets

Content:

Nerve mobilisation exercises (median nerve sliding and stretching)

Wrist stretching and flexor-extensor tendon sliding exercises

Finger opening-closing, fist making exercises

Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) was used to determine the presence and severity of low back pain in the study participants. GAS is a practical test with high validity and reliability in pain assessment. GAS is an assessment method numbered from 0 to 10, where '0' indicates no pain and '10' indicates the presence of the most severe pain. Participants were asked to mark the degree of pain they had on this scale and recorded.

It was developed by Levine et al. in 1993 (102). In 2006, its Turkish validity and reliability was performed by Sezgin et al. This scale used for clinical standardisation of CTS consists of nineteen questions. The answers vary between one and five points. A high mean score indicates that the patient has low functional capacity and severe symptoms. The questionnaire consists of two parts, the Boston Symptom Severity Scale (SSS) and the Boston Functional Status Scale (FSS). The Boston-SSS has 11 questions and responses range from 'none (1 point)' to 'very severe (5 points)'. The Boston-FDS has 8 questions and the answers range from 'very easy (1 point)' to 'very difficult (5 points)'. The patient's score is divided by the total score and a ratio between 0 and 1 is obtained. A ratio closer to 1 indicates an increase in dysfunction and symptom severity.