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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey | OTHER |
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The aim of this randomized controlled trial was to evaluate the effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) on postoperative pain, lymphedema development, shoulder range of motion, and quality of life in women undergoing breast cancer surgery after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The main questions it aims to answer are:
Does TENS reduce postoperative pain? Does TENS prevent postoperative lymphedema? Does TENS increase postoperative shoulder range of motion? Does TENS improve postoperative quality of life? The researchers will compare the effects of TENS after breast surgery with a control group.
Participants will be assessed for pain, lymphedema development, and shoulder range of motion before surgery, on the first day after surgery, at the first month after surgery, and at the third month after surgery. Quality of life will be assessed before surgery, at the first month after surgery, and at the third month after surgery.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| TENS group | Experimental | Patients in this group will receive TENS treatment for 1 month after surgery. |
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| Control group | No Intervention | Patients in this group do not receive TENS application after surgery. |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| TENS | Device | After the surgery, 2 TENS electrodes will be placed on the inner part of the upper arm of the patient's arm on the side where surgery was performed, and the frequency will be 100 Hz, the pulse duration will be 100 µs and the amplitude will be adjusted so as not to cause muscle contraction, and a 20-minute TENS application will be performed. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Pain intensity | The Visual Analog Scale (VAS) scale will be used to assess pain intensity. It is a 10 cm line with connecting expressions on the left (no pain) and on the right (extreme pain). The patient is asked to mark the current pain level on the line. It means that the pain intensity increases as you move from left to right. | Until the end of 3 month |
| Lymphedema severity | A tape measure will be used to assess the severity of lymphedema. Measurements will be made bilaterally at 6 different points (Hand circumference, wrist, 15 cm below the elbow, 7,5 cm below the elbow, 7,5 cm above the elbow, 15 cm above the elbow )on the arm. | Until the end of 3 month |
| Shoulder and arm mobility | Shoulder range of motion (flexion, extension, abduction, internal rotation and external rotation angles of the arm) was measured with a goniometer. | Until the end of 3 month |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Upper extremity functions | The Quick Disability of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (QuickDASH) Questionnaire and hand dynamometer will be used. In QuickDASH, a higher scores indicate a greater level of disability and severity, whereas, lower scores indicate a lower level of disability. | Preoperative period, postoperative 1 month and postoperative 3 month |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Erciyes University | Kayseri | Kayseri | 38260 | Turkey (Türkiye) |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 39804405 | Background | Akutay S, Yuceler Kacmaz H, Ceyhan O. The healing power of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation: a systematic review on its effects after breast surgery. Support Care Cancer. 2025 Jan 13;33(2):90. doi: 10.1007/s00520-024-09129-3. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D010146 | Pain |
| D008209 | Lymphedema |
| D051346 | Mobility Limitation |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009461 | Neurologic Manifestations |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D008206 | Lymphatic Diseases |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D004561 | Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D004599 | Electric Stimulation Therapy |
| D013812 | Therapeutics |
| D026741 | Physical Therapy Modalities |
| D012046 | Rehabilitation |
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TENS group and control group
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| Cancer Related Quality of Life | European Organization for Cancer Research and Treatment Quality of Life Questionnaire-30- EORTC QLQ-C30 will be used. | Preoperative period, postoperative 1 month and postoperative 3 month |
| D006425 | Hemic and Lymphatic Diseases |
| D000698 |
| Analgesia |
| D000760 | Anesthesia and Analgesia |