This is a study of CDC-9 inactivated rotavirus vaccine (IRV) microneedle patch (MNP) for intradermal administration in healthy adults aged 18 to 45 years at two dose levels in a 3-dose series. The purpose is to determine if it is safe and if the recipient's immune system responds to the vaccine.

Rotavirus remains an important cause of gastroenteritis and accounted for 19% of diarrhea-related deaths worldwide in 2019, the majority of which were in low and lower-middle income countries. Although live-attenuated vaccines for rotavirus are available for infants, the immunogenicity and vaccine effectiveness in low- and middle-income countries, where morbidity is highest, is suboptimal. Developing rotavirus vaccination strategies with improved immunogenicity could be advantageous in resource-limited settings.

To improve the safety and efficacy of oral rotavirus vaccines, CDC scientists have developed a human rotavirus strain CDC-9 (G1P[8]^9) that grows to high titer in Vero cells and shows structural stability during manufacturing process. The strain is a single gene natural reassortant with the VP3 gene derived naturally from a G2P[4] virus and the other 10 genes from a G1P[8] virus, the most common genotype throughout the world. Purified CDC-9 particles when inactivated by heat and administered to the skin using a MNP induced strong serum antibody response, and showed dose sparing effect in mice and rats. This inactivated rotavirus vaccine (IRV) also induced intestinal immunity in mice and prevented fecal shedding in gnotobiotic pigs, thus established the proof of concept for skin vaccination using a MNP against rotavirus. When given in combination with inactivated polio vaccine in mice it did not impair immune responses to either rotavirus or poliovirus serotypes 1, 2, and 3. IRV MNP has been shown to be safe and immunogenic in animal studies.

A rotavirus vaccine with greater efficacy and stronger immunogenic response could further reduce infant mortality and morbidity, and a parenterally administered rotavirus vaccine could minimize interactions from co-administration with polio vaccination. Given the lower immunogenicity and vaccine efficacy of the oral rotavirus vaccines currently licensed by the US and in developing countries and approved for use by the WHO, the IRV presents an opportunity to further prevent rotavirus-associated gastroenteritis in infants.

This will be a Phase 1, randomized, observer blinded, dose escalating, placebo-controlled clinical trial in which healthy adults (18 to 45 years of age) will receive inactivated rotavirus vaccine (IRV) or placebo administered through intradermal inoculation by MNP to determine the safety, reactogenicity, and immunogenicity. Two cohorts, each consisting of 25 individuals (20 vaccine recipients and 5 placebo recipients) will receive 3 intradermal doses by MNP four weeks apart. One cohort will receive 3.75 μg and the other 7.5 μg.

Subjects will receive a total of 3 doses by IRV MNPs or placebo MNPs. These will be administered at Days 1, 29, and 57. Subjects will be monitored for approximately 6 months after the third-dose vaccination. They will be followed for solicited (local and systemic) adverse events (AEs) through 7 days after each dose of vaccine. Unsolicited AEs will be collected through Day 85. Immunogenicity labs will be obtained before each study product dose, 7 days after each dose, 28 days after each dose, 35 days after the first dose, and at the end of study visit (durability of response). Serious adverse events (SAEs), new-onset chronic medical conditions (NOCMCs), and medically attended adverse events (MAAEs) will be followed from study product administration on Day 1 through end of study visit on Day 237. There is no expected overlap with standard-of-care clinical appointments or procedures.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Provides written informed consent prior to any study procedures being performed.

2. Be able to understand and agrees to comply with planned study procedures and be available for all study visits.

3. Subject is between the ages of 18 to 45 years, inclusive, on the day of signing informed consent.

4. Agrees to collection of venous blood per protocol.

5. Body Mass Index 18.0 to 35.9 kg/m² at the time of screening.

6. Subject is in good health as determined by vital signs, medical history, physical examination, and the judgment of the investigator.

7. Clinical screening laboratory evaluations (white blood cell (WBCs), hemoglobin (Hgb), platelets (plts), absolute neutrophil count (ANC), alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin (T. Bili), lipase, and creatinine (Cr)) are within acceptable normal reference ranges as outlined in the protocol.

8. Women of childbearing potential¹ must agree to use or have practiced true abstinence² or use at least one acceptable primary form of contraception.³,⁴

   Note: These criteria are applicable to females in a heterosexual relationship and childbearing potential (i.e., the criteria do not apply to subjects in a same sex relationship). ¹Note of childbearing potential: post-menopausal females (defined as having a history of amenorrhea for at least one year) or a documented status as being surgically sterile (hysterectomy, bilateral oophorectomy, tubal ligation/salpingectomy, or Essure® placement). ²True abstinence is 100% of time no sexual intercourse (male's penis enters the female's vagina). ³Acceptable forms of primary contraception include monogamous relationship with a vasectomized partner who has been vasectomized for 180 days or more prior to the subject's first vaccination, intrauterine devices, and hormonal contraception products (e.g., birth control pills, patches, injections, implants, vaginal rings, or other insertable hormonal birth control products). ⁴Must use at least one acceptable primary form of contraception for at least 30 days prior to the first vaccination and at least one acceptable primary form of contraception for 60 days after the last vaccination.

9. Women of childbearing potential must have a negative urine or serum pregnancy test within 24 hours prior to each vaccination.

10. Male subjects of childbearing potential⁵: use of condoms to ensure effective contraception with a female partner of childbearing potential OR female partners use at least one acceptable primary form of contraception from first vaccination until 60 days after the last vaccination.

    ⁵Biological males who are post-pubertal and considered fertile until permanently sterile by bilateral orchiectomy or vasectomy.

11. Male subjects of childbearing potential agree to refrain from sperm donation from the time of first vaccination until 60 days after the last vaccination.

12. Oral temperature is less than or equal to 100.4°F (38.0°C).

13. Pulse no greater than 100 beats per minute.

14. Systolic BP is 85 to 140 mmHg, inclusive.

15. Must agree to have samples stored for secondary research.

16. The subject must agree to refrain from donating blood or plasma during the study.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Subject has an acute illness with fever (temperature ≥100.4°F) within 72 hours prior to vaccine administration or >3 looser-than-normal stools, any vomiting, or other GI illness within 7 days prior to vaccine administration.

2. Positive pregnancy test either at screening or just prior to each vaccine administration.

3. Female subject who is breastfeeding or plans to breastfeed from the time of the first vaccination through 60 days after the last vaccination.

4. Has any medical disease or condition that, in the opinion of the site PI or appropriate sub-investigator, precludes study participation.⁶

   ⁶Including acute, subacute, intermittent, or chronic medical disease or condition that would place the subject at an unacceptable risk of injury, render the subject unable to meet the requirements of the protocol, or may interfere with the evaluation of responses or the subject's successful completion of this trial. Chronic medical conditions which are stable, with no escalation in medication doses or new medications administered in the preceding 3 months, will not be considered exclusionary.

5. Presence of self-reported or medically documented significant medical or psychiatric condition(s) as determined by the investigator.

6. Has a positive test result for hepatitis B surface antigen, hepatitis C virus antibody, or HIV types 1 or 2 antibodies at screening.

7. Currently enrolled in or plans to participate in another clinical trial with an investigational agent⁷ that will be received during the study-reporting period.

   ⁷Including licensed or unlicensed vaccine, drug, biologic, device, blood product, or medication.

8. Has a history of hypersensitivity or severe allergic reaction (e.g., anaphylaxis, generalized urticaria, angioedema, other significant reaction) to any vaccine component, any previous licensed or unlicensed vaccines, or other components of the study product including sorbitol, maltodextrin, HEPES, sodium chloride, sucrose, methylcellulose, calcium chloride, medical adhesive (acrylated urethane, medical tape, high-impact polystyrene (HIPS), stainless steel).

9. Chronic use (more than 14 continuous days) of any medications that may be associated with impaired immune responsiveness.⁸

   ⁸Including, but not limited to, systemic corticosteroids exceeding 10 mg/day of prednisone equivalent, allergy injections, immunoglobulin, interferon, immunomodulators, cytotoxic drugs, or other similar or toxic drugs during the preceding 6-month period prior to vaccine administration (Day 1). The use of low dose topical, ophthalmic, inhaled, and intranasal steroid preparations will be permitted.

10. Received immunoglobulins and/or any blood or blood products within 6 months before the study.

11. Has a history of alcohol abuse or other recreational drug (excluding cannabis) use within 6 months before the first vaccine administration.

12. Received or plans to receive a licensed, live vaccine within 4 weeks before the first dose until 4 weeks after the last study vaccination.

13. Received or plans to receive a licensed, inactivated vaccine within 2 weeks before the first dose until 4 weeks after the last study vaccination.

14. Subject has previously received a rotavirus vaccine or has had a diagnosis of rotavirus disease within the past 10 years.

15. Subject has a prior clinically significant history of or active/ongoing gastrointestinal disease including hospitalization for gastroenteritis or prior diagnosis of intussusception.

16. Subject has an active skin condition (e.g., eczema or other chronic dermatitis) or an open lesion (e.g., laceration, abrasion), scar, tattoo, or rash in the areas of the planned MNP administration, which will interfere with the assessment of reactogenicity.

17. Subject or immediate family members have a history of keloid formation.