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The aim was to investigate the effectiveness of inspiratory muscle training on dyspnoea, pulmonary function, respiratory muscle strength, cough capacity, functional exercise capacity, substance craving, depression, anxiety and quality of life in individuals with substance use disorder.
In recent years, substance use has increased among young people in our country, and studies investigating the negative effects of substances on pulmonary health have also increased. It has been emphasized in the literature that the most appropriate features should be determined for the exercise program in the treatment of individuals with SUD. Although studies in the literature have reported that substance use affects respiratory functions and creates a restrictive or obstructive pattern, no study investigating the effects of inspiratory muscle training has been found in the literature. To our knowledge, this study is the first to examine the effects of inspiratory muscle training on respiratory function in individuals with SUD. In our study, it was assumed that inspiratory muscle training could be a simple and inexpensive technique to improve dyspnea, respiratory functions, respiratory muscle strength, cough capacity, and exercise capacity in individuals with SUD, reduce substance cravings, increase quality of life, and reduce depression and anxiety, thus making it suitable for routine clinical use. The aim was to examine the effectiveness of inspiratory muscle training on dyspnea, respiratory functions, respiratory muscle strength, functional exercise capacity, substance craving, anxiety, depression, and quality of life in individuals with substance use disorders.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Inspiratory muscle training group | Experimental | In addition to their standard treatment, individuals in the inspiratory muscle training group will participate in inspiratory muscle training for a total of 30 minutes with a threshold loading device (POWERbreathe®) for 15 minutes twice a day, 5 days a week for 4 weeks under the supervision of a physiotherapist. |
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| Control group | Active Comparator | Individuals in the control group will continue their standard treatment. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inspiratory muscle training programme | Other | In addition to their standard treatment, individuals in the inspiratory muscle training group will participate in inspiratory muscle training for a total of 30 minutes with a threshold loading device (POWERbreathe®) for 15 minutes twice a day, 5 days a week for 4 weeks under the supervision of a physiotherapist. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Dyspnea | Participants' perceptions of dyspnoea in daily life will be assessed using the Modified Medical Research Council Scale (mMRC), which consists of five statements describing the full range of dyspnoea from none (Grade 0) to almost complete incapacity (Grade 4). | 4 weeks |
| Respiratory Functions (FEV1) | Based on ATS and ERS recommendations, a portable spirometer (Cosmed Pony FX, Rome, Italy) will be used to assess pulmonary function testing. At the end of the pulmonary function test, forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) will be recorded. | 4 weeks |
| Respiratory Functions (FVC) | Based on ATS and ERS recommendations, a portable spirometer (Cosmed Pony FX, Rome, Italy) will be used to assess pulmonary function testing. At the end of the pulmonary function test, forced vital capacity (FVC) will be recorded. | 4 weeks |
| Respiratory Functions (FEV1/FVC) | Based on ATS and ERS recommendations, a portable spirometer (Cosmed Pony FX, Rome, Italy) will be used to assess pulmonary function testing. At the end of the pulmonary function test, FEV1/FVC ratio will be recorded. | 4 weeks |
| Respiratory Functions (FEF 25-75%) | Based on ATS and ERS recommendations, a portable spirometer (Cosmed Pony FX, Rome, Italy) will be used to assess pulmonary function testing. At the end of the pulmonary function test, forced expiratory flow (FEF 25-75%) will be recorded. | 4 weeks |
| Respiratory Functions (PEF) | Based on ATS and ERS recommendations, a portable spirometer (Cosmed Pony FX, Rome, Italy) will be used to assess pulmonary function testing. At the end of the pulmonary function test, peak expiratory flow (PEF) will be recorded. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Penn Substance Craving Scale | It is a 5-item self-report questionnaire developed to assess substance craving over the past week, including frequency, intensity, duration, urgency, and total craving. Each item is rated on a scale of 0 to 6, with a maximum total score of 30 for severe cravings. | 4 weeks |
| Health-related quality of life |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Being older than 18 years
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Role | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Beyzanur D Research Assistant | Contact | + (0216) 400 22 22 | beyzanur.dikmenhosbas@uskudar.edu.tr |
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Üsküdar University | Recruiting | Istanbul | Turkey | Turkey (Türkiye) |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 11359958 | Background | Sivasothy P, Brown L, Smith IE, Shneerson JM. Effect of manually assisted cough and mechanical insufflation on cough flow of normal subjects, patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and patients with respiratory muscle weakness. Thorax. 2001 Jun;56(6):438-44. doi: 10.1136/thorax.56.6.438. | |
| 5772056 | Background |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D019966 | Substance-Related Disorders |
| D009043 | Motor Activity |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D064419 | Chemically-Induced Disorders |
| D001523 | Mental Disorders |
| D001519 | Behavior |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D035061 | Control Groups |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D015340 | Epidemiologic Research Design |
| D004812 | Epidemiologic Methods |
| D008919 | Investigative Techniques |
| D012107 | Research Design |
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|
| control group | Other | Individuals in the control group will continue their standard treatment. No changes will be made in the medical treatments (type, dosage and frequency) of the individuals in both groups (the inspiratory muscle training group and the control group) during the study. |
|
| 4 weeks |
| Respiratory Muscle Strength | The respiratory muscle strength of the participants will be assessed by maximal inspiratory (MIP) and expiratory intraoral pressures (MEP). | 4 weeks |
| Cough Capacity | Participants' peak cough flow will be measured using a Peak Flow Meter (The Mini-Wright Standard, Cartel Business Estate, Edinburgh Way, Harlow) while individuals are making a maximal cough effort after as deep an inspiration as possible. | 4 weeks |
| Functional exercise capacity | Functional exercise capacity will be assessed using the 6-Minute Walk Test (6-MWT) performed using standard protocols in accordance with American Thoracic Society guidelines. | 4 weeks |
Health-related quality of life will be assessed with the health-related quality of life Short Form 12 questionnaire. Information from all 12 items is used to calculate the physical component summary and the mental health component summary score. All scores are converted into a standardized score between 0-100. Higher scores indicate better health-related quality of life. |
| 4 weeks |
| Anxiety and Depression | Anxiety and depression will be assessed with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), a 14-item self-report questionnaire assessing levels of depression (7 items) and anxiety (7 items). Each item is rated on a 4-point Likert scale. Subscale scores were calculated by summing the subscale items (subscale scores range from 0-21), with higher scores indicating greater severity. It has been previously shown that HADS scores equal to or higher than 10 and 7 on the relevant anxiety and depression items, respectively, indicate clinical levels of anxiety and depression in the Turkish population. | 4 weeks |
| Black LF, Hyatt RE. Maximal respiratory pressures: normal values and relationship to age and sex. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1969 May;99(5):696-702. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1969.99.5.696. No abstract available. |
| 16936234 | Background | Laszlo G. Standardisation of lung function testing: helpful guidance from the ATS/ERS Task Force. Thorax. 2006 Sep;61(9):744-6. doi: 10.1136/thx.2006.061648. |
| D008722 | Methods |