The objective of this study is to identify high-risk factors associated with low Apgar scores, implement proactive interventions to reduce their occurrence, and analyze neonatal resuscitation procedures and systemic treatment during hospitalization. This aims to provide evidence-based references for improving the resuscitation and medical management of newborns with low Apgar scores, thereby enhancing clinical care capabilities. Additionally, continuous follow-up management and timely intervention guidance will be provided to these infants to optimize their long-term prognosis.

This is a prospective and retrospective biphasic cohort study.Retrospective cohort inclusion criteria: Newborns born between January 1, 2006 and before the start of the project at Peking University Third Hospital with Apgar scores ≤ 7 at 1 minute, 5 minutes, or 10 minutes.

Prospective cohort inclusion criteria: Newborns born in our hospital between the start of the project and December 31, 2027, with an Apgar score of ≤ 7 at 1 minute, 5 minutes, or 10 minutes.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Retrospective cohort inclusion criteria: Newborns born between January 1, 2006 and before the start of the project at Peking University Third Hospital with Apgar scores ≤ 7 at 1 minute, 5 minutes, or 10 minutes.

Prospective cohort inclusion criteria: Newborns born at Peking University Third Hospital between the start of the project and December 31, 2027, with an Apgar score of ≤ 7 at 1 minute, 5 minutes, or 10 minutes.

Exclusion Criteria:

• There are serious congenital malformations that affect physical and neurological development, and family members refuse to participate in the study

Newborns born at Peking University Third Hospital with Apgar scores ≤ 7 at any time point within 1 minute, 5 minutes, or 10 minutes after birth