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| ID | Type | Description | Link |
|---|---|---|---|
| Giorge Tzanetakis | Other Identifier | National and Kapodistrian University of Athens |
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This randomized clinical trial aims to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy and treatment outcomes of three different final irrigation protocols during root canal therapy: 2.5% sodium hypochlorite alone, sodium hypochlorite with Passive Ultrasonic Irrigation (PUI), and sodium hypochlorite with XP-Endo Finisher activation. Sixty-six single-rooted teeth with pulp necrosis and apical periodontitis will be randomly assigned to one of the three groups. Antibacterial efficacy will be assessed through Real-Time PCR quantification of total bacterial load and four specific bacterial species before and after treatment. Treatment success will be evaluated clinically and radiographically at 6 and 12 months. The study aims to identify the most effective irrigation strategy for bacterial reduction and healing outcomes.
This randomized, two-arm, parallel clinical trial investigates the antibacterial effectiveness and clinical outcomes of three root canal final irrigation protocols in teeth with pulp necrosis and apical periodontitis. Following standard chemomechanical preparation, participants' teeth will be randomly assigned to one of three interventions: final irrigation with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite alone, sodium hypochlorite activated by Passive Ultrasonic Irrigation (PUI) or sodium hypochlorite activated with the XP-Endo Finisher file.
The study focuses on the reduction of total bacterial load and specific pathogenic bacterial species (Pseudoramibacter alactolyticus, Treponema denticola, Streptococcus anginosus, and Porphyromonas endodontalis ) assessed through highly sensitive quantitative Real-Time PCR analysis of samples collected at different treatment stages. Sampling procedures ensure strict aseptic conditions and standardized protocols for DNA extraction and analysis.
All participants will undergo a standardized endodontic treatment protocol by a single operator to minimize variability. Follow-up includes clinical and radiographic examinations at 6 and 12 months, with healing assessed through the Periapical Index (PAI) and presence or absence of clinical symptoms.
This trial aims to provide new clinical evidence regarding the added value of supplementary irrigation techniques, comparing their ability to reduce bacterial burden and influence long-term treatment success.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Final Irrigation with 2.5% Sodium Hypochlorite | Other | Root canals will be irrigated with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite as the final irrigation without activation. |
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| Passive Ultrasonic Irrigation with NaOCl | Other | Root canals will be irrigated with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite activated by Passive Ultrasonic Irrigation (PUI). |
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| XP-Endo Finisher activation with NaOCl | Other | Root canals will be irrigated with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite followed by mechanical activation using the XP-Endo Finisher file. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Final Irrigation with 2.5% Sodium Hypochlorite | Procedure | After supragingival scaling and removal of caries or defective restorations, the tooth will be isolated and disinfected with 3% H202 and 2.5% NaOCl. Access preparation will be done using a sterile high-speed bur under sterile saline irrigation, followed by re-disinfection. NaOCl will be neutralized with 5% sodium thiosulphate, and sterility will be confirmed via paper point sampling. Only teeth with negative sterility samples will proceed. Sample S1 will be collected after saline irrigation and mild instrumentation with a sterile K-file #15, using an apex locator. Paper points will absorb canal fluid and be frozen in Tris-EDTA buffer at -20°C. Complete chemomechanical preparation will follow, with irrigation after each instrument change. Cervical and mid-thirds will be enlarged with Gates-Glidden burs and the apical third with NiTi RaCe files (40/04). Sample S2 will be taken after preparation. Group A will receive final irrigation with 2.5% NaOCl before collection of sample S3. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Reduction in Total Intracanal Bacterial Load | Quantitative reduction of the total intra canal bacterial load measured by Real-Time PCR (qPCR) after final irrigation procedures. | 0ne to six months |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Reduction in Specific Bacterial Species | Quantitative change of Pseudoramibacter alactolyticus, Treponema denticola, Streptococcus anginosus, and Porpyromonas endodontalis measured by Real-Time PCR after supplementary irrigation procedures. | one to six months |
| Clinical and Radiographic Healing Outcome |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Comparison of Antibacterial Effectiveness Between Interventions | Comparison of the bacterial load reduction and treatment success rates among the three irrigation strategies. | Immediately post-treatment and at 12 months follow-up |
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Giorge Tzanetakis, Dr (PhD) | National and Kapodistrian University of Athens | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| National and Kapodistrian University of Athens | Athens | 11527 | Greece |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 14655819 | Result | Orstavik D. Root canal disinfection: a review of concepts and recent developments. Aust Endod J. 2003 Aug;29(2):70-4. doi: 10.1111/j.1747-4477.2003.tb00515.x. | |
| 18928835 | Result | Siqueira JF Jr, Rocas IN. Clinical implications and microbiology of bacterial persistence after treatment procedures. J Endod. 2008 Nov;34(11):1291-1301.e3. doi: 10.1016/j.joen.2008.07.028. Epub 2008 Sep 17. |
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The IPD that will be shared include anonymized data related to the bacterial load measurements (qPCR results for total bacterial load and for Pseudoramibacter alactolyticus, Treponema denticola, Streptococcus anginosus, and Porphyromonas endodontalis), treatment group allocation (NaOCl 2.5% only, NaOCl 2.5% + Passive Ultrasonic Irrigation (PUI), or NaOCl 2.5% + XP Endo Finisher), and treatment outcomes based on clinical and radiographic follow-up (e.g., PAI scores, presence/absence of clinical signs and symptoms).
No data containing directly identifiable patient information (e.g., names, personal identification numbers) will be shared.
The data will be available upon reasonable request to the principal investigator after the publication of the study results, with the requirement of a data-sharing agreement to ensure appropriate use. The sharing will comply with ethical approvals and participants' consent agreements.
The individual participant data (IPD) and supporting documents will become available starting 6 months after the publication of the main study results. Data will be available for a minimum of 5 years thereafter.
Researchers who provide a methodologically sound research proposal and agree to a data-sharing agreement will be eligible to access the data. Proposals will be reviewed by the study's advisory committee to ensure they are appropriate and ethical. Access will be granted for academic, non-commercial research purposes only. Data will be provided through a secure platform ensuring confidentiality and data protection.
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| Type | Includes Protocol | Includes SAP | Includes ICF | Document Label | Document Date | Document Uploaded Date | Document File Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prot_SAP | Yes | Yes | No | Study Protocol and Statistical Analysis Plan | Dec 12, 2022 |
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The operator performing the procedure is not blinded, but outcome assessors evaluating healing at follow-up could be blinded
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| Passive Ultrasonic Irrigation (PUI) with Sodium Hypochlorite | Procedure | Activation of 2.5% sodium hypochlorite solution inside the root canal system using Passive Ultrasonic Irrigation (PUI) after chemomechanical preparation. Group B, sample (S3). |
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| XP-Endo Finisher Activation with Sodium Hypochlorite | Procedure | Mechanical activation of 2.5% sodium hypochlorite solution using the XP-Endo Finisher instrument following chemomechanical preparation.Group C, sample (S3). |
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Healing of periapical lesions assessed clinically and radiographically (using the Periapical Index, PAI) at 6 and 12 months after treatment. |
| 6 months and 12 months after root canal treatment |
| Result | Luciano Giardino, Marco Morra, Carlo Becce, Fernanda G. Pappen, Zahed Mohammadi, Flavio Palazzi,Comparative wettability of different sodium hypochlorite solutions,Giornale Italiano di Endodonzia.2012; 26(22):1121-4171 doi:org/10.1016/j.gien.2012.06.002. |
| 14503827 | Result | Weber CD, McClanahan SB, Miller GA, Diener-West M, Johnson JD. The effect of passive ultrasonic activation of 2% chlorhexidine or 5.25% sodium hypochlorite irrigant on residual antimicrobial activity in root canals. J Endod. 2003 Sep;29(9):562-4. doi: 10.1097/00004770-200309000-00005. |
| 19961451 | Result | Mohammadi Z, Abbott PV. Antimicrobial substantivity of root canal irrigants and medicaments: a review. Aust Endod J. 2009 Dec;35(3):131-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1747-4477.2009.00164.x. |
| 19345793 | Result | Ricucci D, Siqueira JF Jr, Bate AL, Pitt Ford TR. Histologic investigation of root canal-treated teeth with apical periodontitis: a retrospective study from twenty-four patients. J Endod. 2009 Apr;35(4):493-502. doi: 10.1016/j.joen.2008.12.014. |
| 9477818 | Result | Sjogren U, Figdor D, Persson S, Sundqvist G. Influence of infection at the time of root filling on the outcome of endodontic treatment of teeth with apical periodontitis. Int Endod J. 1997 Sep;30(5):297-306. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2591.1997.00092.x. |
| 2084204 | Result | Sjogren U, Hagglund B, Sundqvist G, Wing K. Factors affecting the long-term results of endodontic treatment. J Endod. 1990 Oct;16(10):498-504. doi: 10.1016/S0099-2399(07)80180-4. |
| 35430959 | Result | Paixao S, Rodrigues C, Grenho L, Fernandes MH. Efficacy of sonic and ultrasonic activation during endodontic treatment: a Meta-analysis of in vitro studies. Acta Odontol Scand. 2022 Nov;80(8):588-595. doi: 10.1080/00016357.2022.2061591. Epub 2022 Apr 17. |
| 24139274 | Result | Mancini M, Cerroni L, Iorio L, Armellin E, Conte G, Cianconi L. Smear layer removal and canal cleanliness using different irrigation systems (EndoActivator, EndoVac, and passive ultrasonic irrigation): field emission scanning electron microscopic evaluation in an in vitro study. J Endod. 2013 Nov;39(11):1456-60. doi: 10.1016/j.joen.2013.07.028. Epub 2013 Sep 6. |
| 27215810 | Result | Alves FR, Marceliano-Alves MF, Sousa JC, Silveira SB, Provenzano JC, Siqueira JF Jr. Removal of Root Canal Fillings in Curved Canals Using Either Reciprocating Single- or Rotary Multi-instrument Systems and a Supplementary Step with the XP-Endo Finisher. J Endod. 2016 Jul;42(7):1114-9. doi: 10.1016/j.joen.2016.04.007. Epub 2016 May 20. |
| 35442382 | Result | Matoso FB, Quintana RM, Jardine AP, Delai D, Fontanella VRC, Grazziotin-Soares R, Kopper PMP. XP Endo Finisher-R and PUI as supplementary methods to remove root filling materials from curved canals. Braz Oral Res. 2022 Apr 15;36:e053. doi: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2022.vol36.0053. eCollection 2022. |
| 35980742 | Result | Poly A, Marques F, Lee J, Setzer FC, Karabucak B. XP-endo Finisher effectively reduces hard-tissue debris accumulated in root canals with isthmus after preparation with a reciprocating file system. Aust Endod J. 2023 Aug;49(2):279-286. doi: 10.1111/aej.12676. Epub 2022 Aug 18. |
| 37867163 | Result | de Jesus Oliveira LS, de Figueiredo FED, Dantas JA, Ribeiro MAG, Estrela C, Sousa-Neto MD, Faria-E-Silva AL. Impact XP-endo finisher on the 1-year follow-up success of posterior root canal treatments: a randomized clinical trial. Clin Oral Investig. 2023 Dec;27(12):7595-7603. doi: 10.1007/s00784-023-05349-9. Epub 2023 Oct 23. |
| 32653532 | Result | Amaral RR, Guimaraes Oliveira AG, Braga T, Reher P, de Macedo Farias L, Magalhaes PP, Ferreira PG, Ilma de Souza Cortes M. Quantitative Assessment of the Efficacy of Two Different Single-file Systems in Reducing the Bacterial load in Oval-Shaped Canals: A Clinical Study. J Endod. 2020 Sep;46(9):1228-1234. doi: 10.1016/j.joen.2020.06.007. Epub 2020 Jul 9. |
| 32585261 | Result | Ballal NV, Gandhi P, Shenoy PA, Dummer PMH. Evaluation of various irrigation activation systems to eliminate bacteria from the root canal system: A randomized controlled single blinded trial. J Dent. 2020 Aug;99:103412. doi: 10.1016/j.jdent.2020.103412. Epub 2020 Jun 22. |
| 34800484 | Result | Tzanetakis GN, Koletsi D, Tsakris A, Vrioni G. Prevalence of Fungi in Primary Endodontic Infections of a Greek-living Population Through Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction and Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-flight Mass Spectrometry. J Endod. 2022 Feb;48(2):200-207. doi: 10.1016/j.joen.2021.11.003. Epub 2021 Nov 17. |
| 35976101 | Result | Coaguila-Llerena H, Ordinola-Zapata R, Staley C, Dietz M, Chen R, Faria G. Multispecies biofilm removal by a multisonic irrigation system in mandibular molars. Int Endod J. 2022 Nov;55(11):1252-1261. doi: 10.1111/iej.13813. Epub 2022 Aug 30. |
| 33170373 | Result | Lima AR, Herrera DR, Francisco PA, Pereira AC, Lemos J, Abranches J, Gomes BPFA. Detection of Streptococcus mutans in symptomatic and asymptomatic infected root canals. Clin Oral Investig. 2021 Jun;25(6):3535-3542. doi: 10.1007/s00784-020-03676-9. Epub 2020 Nov 10. |
| 14651280 | Result | Siqueira JF Jr, Rocas IN. Pseudoramibacter alactolyticus in primary endodontic infections. J Endod. 2003 Nov;29(11):735-8. doi: 10.1097/00004770-200311000-00012. |
| 25627883 | Result | Rosa TP, Signoretti FG, Montagner F, Gomes BP, Jacinto RC. Prevalence of Treponema spp. in endodontic retreatment-resistant periapical lesions. Braz Oral Res. 2015;29:S1806-83242015000100228. doi: 10.1590/1807-3107BOR-2015.vol29.0031. Epub 2015 Jan 27. |
| 36861850 | Result | Ordinola-Zapata R, Costalonga M, Dietz M, Lima BP, Staley C. The root canal microbiome diversity and function. A whole-metagenome shotgun analysis. Int Endod J. 2024 Jul;57(7):872-884. doi: 10.1111/iej.13911. Epub 2023 Mar 29. |
| 36334085 | Result | Ordinola-Zapata R, Costalonga M, Nixdorf D, Dietz M, Schuweiler D, Lima BP, Staley C. Taxonomic abundance in primary and secondary root canal infections. Int Endod J. 2023 Feb;56(2):278-288. doi: 10.1111/iej.13864. Epub 2022 Nov 22. |
| 21238793 | Result | Rocas IN, Siqueira JF Jr. Comparison of the in vivo antimicrobial effectiveness of sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine used as root canal irrigants: a molecular microbiology study. J Endod. 2011 Feb;37(2):143-50. doi: 10.1016/j.joen.2010.11.006. |
| 3457698 | Result | Orstavik D, Kerekes K, Eriksen HM. The periapical index: a scoring system for radiographic assessment of apical periodontitis. Endod Dent Traumatol. 1986 Feb;2(1):20-34. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-9657.1986.tb00119.x. No abstract available. |
| 3162597 | Result | Orstavik D. Reliability of the periapical index scoring system. Scand J Dent Res. 1988 Apr;96(2):108-11. |
| 25354086 | Result | Kirkevang LL, Orstavik D, Wenzel A, Vaeth M. Prognostic value of the full-scale Periapical Index. Int Endod J. 2015 Nov;48(11):1051-8. doi: 10.1111/iej.12402. Epub 2014 Nov 24. |
| 26580306 | Result | Kirkevang LL, Orstavik D, Bahrami G, Wenzel A, Vaeth M. Prediction of periapical status and tooth extraction. Int Endod J. 2017 Jan;50(1):5-14. doi: 10.1111/iej.12581. Epub 2015 Dec 23. |
| May 6, 2025 |
| Prot_SAP_003.pdf |
| ICF | No | No | Yes | Informed Consent Form | Dec 12, 2022 | May 6, 2025 | ICF_004.pdf |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D003790 | Dental Pulp Necrosis |
| D010485 | Periapical Periodontitis |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D003788 | Dental Pulp Diseases |
| D014076 | Tooth Diseases |
| D009057 | Stomatognathic Diseases |
| D009336 | Necrosis |
| D010335 | Pathologic Processes |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D010483 | Periapical Diseases |
| D007571 | Jaw Diseases |
| D010510 | Periodontal Diseases |
| D009059 | Mouth Diseases |
| D010518 | Periodontitis |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D012973 | Sodium Hypochlorite |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D006997 | Hypochlorous Acid |
| D017606 | Chlorine Compounds |
| D007287 | Inorganic Chemicals |
| D010087 | Oxides |
| D017601 | Oxygen Compounds |
| D017670 | Sodium Compounds |
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