This study will be conducted to determine the effect on pain and vital signs of multiple nonpharmacological methods used in preterm infants during the examination for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP).

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) examination is performed using a binocular indirect ophthalmoscope. ROP examination causes pain and discomfort in the preterm infant in many ways, including the application of eye drops, the placement of the speculum in the eye, the pressure applied to the pupils and the brightness of the ophthalmoscope. Studies in the literature have also reported that newborns experience pain and discomfort during ROP examination. In relation to the ROP pain experienced by the preterm infant, various physiological changes such as increased heart rate or decreased oxygen saturation are experienced during or after the examination. Accordingly, ROP examination is important; however, controlling the pain that occurs during the examination is also very important in terms of the patient's emotional experience and comfort. In the literature, many studies have been conducted to reduce pain during ROP examination. Although pharmacological treatment methods are an effective technique to reduce pain, it is recommended that nonpharmacological methods should be used especially in infants and children because of the side effects of drugs (such as apnoea, bradycardia, respiratory depression, hypotension) and the method to be used should be easy, fast and does not require preparation. The Turkish Neonatology Society and the Turkish Ophthalmology Society also recommend that ROP examination is a very painful procedure, that pharmacological methods alone are not sufficient to reduce pain, and that nonpharmacological methods such as pacifier, breast milk and oral sucrose should be used during the examination. In addition, although there is no gold standard for pain relief during ROP examination, previous studies suggest that clinicians should use more than one method together to reduce pain and provide relief in premature infants. In this study, a combination of oral 25% dextrose, non-nutritive sucking and swaddling will be used for multiple nonpharmacological applications

Inclusion Criteria:

• Postmenstrual gestational age ≤32 weeks and/or birth weight ≤1500 g,
• Stable, awake, in supine position and breathing spontaneously without oxygen support,
• Vital signs were within normal limits before the examination,
• Premature infants undergoing ROP examination for the first time.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Preterms who have been administered non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or sedative and antiepileptic drugs such as chloral hydrate, phenobarbital and diazepam within 24 hours before the ROP examination,
• Preterms with severe respiratory diseases, receiving respiratory support (continuous positive airway pressure or mechanical ventilation),
• Preterms with critical conditions such as central nervous system infections and sepsis,
• Preterms with other organic diseases such as severe cardiovascular disease, pulmonary insufficiency,
• Preterms with congenital malformations.

Individual participant data may be shared upon request from the principal investigator, subject to the appropriateness of the request, while ensuring adherence to the rules of confidentiality regarding individual data.

July through December of 2026

Individual participant data may be shared upon request from the principal investigator, subject to the appropriateness of the request, while ensuring adherence to the rules of confidentiality regarding individual data.