• Electrical impedance tomography (EIT)：Assessing pulmonary function in chronic lung diseases.
• Lung ultrasound：Assessing diaphragm atrophy in mechanically ventilated patients.
• Esophageal pressure：The work of breathing, or the energy required by respiratory muscles to meet ventilatory demands, can be directly evaluated by esophageal pressure
• Oxygen consumption：Indirectly evaluated by measuring oxygen consumption (V̇O2) during mechanical ventilation The oxygen cost of breathing, reflected the increase in V̇O2 when transitioning from mechanical ventilation to spontaneous breathing, has been shown to predict weaning outcomes.

Correlation of LUS aeration scores and overdistension metrics (e.g., A-line prominence, reduced lung sliding) with EIT parameters, including hyperdistension (%), collapse (%), and ΔEELI.

Correlation of P-SILI risk with diaphragmatic function (ultrasound-measured excursion and thickening fraction), esophageal pressure variations (ΔPes, ΔPdi), pendelluft dynamics (phase shift, amplitude difference from EIT), and hyperinflammatory biomarkers (e.g., IL-6, IL-8).