Under closed management, patients will receive routine physical therapy for 40 minutes 5 times a week: 1) 20 minutes of routine rehabilitation, including routine muscle strength enhancement training, joint range of motion training, and neuropathological methods (Bobath method, proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation technique, etc.); 2) 20 minute land balance walking function training

The ability of the test subject to complete various balance test items, including unsupported sitting; Healthy side "spreading wings" reaction; The completion of the "spreading wings" reaction on the affected side, standing with support, standing without support, standing on the healthy side, and standing on the affected side will be scored. Each examination item will be scored on a scale of 0-2 points, with the highest score of 14 points and the lowest score of 0 points. If the score is less than 14 points, it indicates that the balance function is impaired. The lower the score, the more severe the balance dysfunction.

Typically, adult males consume 3000~5000ml, while females consume 2000~4000 liters.

The amount of gas exhaled in the first second is approximately 3179 ± 117mL for normal males and 2314 ± 48mL for females, starting from the maximum inhalation to the level of total lung volume.

The general normal standard for pulmonary function MVV is: Male: （104+2.71)L/min； female sex: （82.5+2.17）L/min。

The maximum amount of oxygen that the human body can absorb per unit time during exercise is usually measured in milliliters per minute (ml/min). VO2 reflects the cardiovascular function and aerobic exercise capacity of the human body, and is an important indicator for evaluating human endurance.

Oxygen consumption per unit weight (kg) per unit time. Expressed in VO2/kg. It is an indicator of an individual's athletic ability.The unit is mL/(kg · min).

METs (metabolic equivalents) are indicators of energy expenditure during physical activity. 1 MET is equal to the oxygen consumption during sitting (approximately 3.5 mL/kg/min).

RQ refers to the ratio of carbon dioxide production to oxygen consumption in the body, and is commonly used to evaluate the energy metabolism of the body in different states. The numerical range of RQ is between 0.67 and 1.3.

It is the amount of ventilation that maintains normal gas exchange in a resting state, equal to tidal volume multiplied by respiratory rate per minute.The unit is L/min.

BR=Maximum Ventilation Volume (MVV) - Minute Ventilation Volume during Maximum Exercise (VE).Normal respiratory reserve should be greater than 15L/min, indicating normal dynamic lung function levels in the body.

VT is the amount of gas entering and leaving the lungs during each breath, reflecting the ventilation function of the lungs. The normal range for adults is about 6-8 milliliters per kilogram of body weight.

Heart rate is an important indicator of the human cardiovascular system, which reflects the functional status of the heart. HR can refer to instantaneous heart rate, measured in beats per minute.

Under normal physiological conditions, there is a linear relationship between VO2 and the power of the human body to do work, commonly expressed as VO2/WR, with the unit of m/(min · W). The normal value is 8.4~11ml/(min · W). Decreased VO2/WR often indicates impaired oxygen delivery.

The oxygen pulse is calculated by dividing VO2 by the heart rate at the same time. It is the amount of oxygen taken into the lung blood during one heart beat, which is equal to the product of the output per beat and the arterial mixed venous oxygen content difference [C (a-v) O2]. Its unit is ml/kg/min.

It refers to the oxygen uptake at the anaerobic threshold (AT). The normal value of peakVO2 is usually greater than 40%, which is equivalent to 50%~65% peakVO2.

It refers to the pressure value of carbon dioxide in the exhaled gas at the end of exhalation. By monitoring PetCO2, the condition of lung ventilation and blood flow can be reflected. The normal value of PetCO2 (end tidal carbon dioxide partial pressure) is 35-45 mmHg.

It reflects the oxygen partial pressure in the alveolar gas at the end of exhalation, and the normal range of PetO2 is 95-100mmHg

VE/VO2 refers to the ratio of minute ventilation to minute oxygen consumption, which is normally between 25-35.

VE/VCO2 refers to the ratio of minute ventilation to minute carbon dioxide emissions, with a normal range of 30-40.

SpO2 refers to pulse oximetry, and the normal range of SpO ₂ for normal adults in a calm breathing state at sea level is 95% -100%.

It usually refers to the number of heartbeats counted within one minute, with a focus on specific heart rate values per minute. Under normal circumstances, the heart rate of adults in a quiet state is generally 60-100 beats per minute.

It refers to the pressure exerted by blood on the walls of blood vessels during cardiac contraction, at which the ventricles pump blood into the aorta, causing the pressure inside the aorta to rise to its highest value, usually measured in mmHg (millimeter of mercury). The normal range of systolic blood pressure for normal adults in a quiet state is usually 90-139mmHg.

It is the pressure exerted on the blood vessel walls during diastole, when the ventricles are in a filled state and the pressure inside the aorta drops to its lowest value. The normal range of diastolic blood pressure for normal adults in a quiet state is generally 60-89mmHg.

The horizontal distance from the same foot following the ground to the opposite foot following the ground (left/right step lengths may be asymmetric).Its unit is meters.

The horizontal distance between two consecutive landings of the heel on the same side (one complete gait cycle).Its unit is meters.

The lateral distance between the inner edges of both feet, reflecting walking stability.Its unit is meters.

Steps per minute (steps/minute), typically around 100-120 steps for adults.

The distance traveled per unit of time (in meters per second), which comprehensively reflects gait function.

The proportion of time the foot is in contact with the ground (approximately 60% of the normal gait cycle).

The proportion of time spent swinging the foot off the ground (usually around 40%).

The time for both feet to touch the ground simultaneously (prolonged when the pace slows down).Its unit is seconds.

Sagittal flexion/extension (normal range of approximately 30 ° flexion to 10 ° extension).

Sagittal plane flexion (0 ° extension to 60 ° flexion swing phase).

Sagittal dorsiflexion/plantarflexion (dorsiflexion when the foot touches the ground, plantarflexion during advancement).

Forward/backward tilt, internal and external rotation, lateral tilt.

Measured by a force measuring platform, a typical bimodal curve (first peak ≈ 110% of body weight, second peak ≈ 120% of body weight).

Reflecting the control of muscles and ligaments over joints (such as predicting the risk of osteoarthritis with knee adduction torque).The unit of it is N · m (Newton meters)

Joint work efficiency (peak power during ankle joint propulsion is key).The unit it is W.

The difference in step size and support phase time between the left and right sides (often asymmetric in stroke patients).

The temporal relationship between the swing phase and the support phase (which may be disrupted in Parkinson's disease patients).

It refers to the projection position of the center of gravity on the horizontal plane when the human body is standing quietly. By using pressure tablets and other devices, the front, back, left, and right positions of the center of gravity can be measured, reflecting the body's balance state under static conditions. Under normal circumstances, the center of gravity is relatively stable and within the range of the area supported by both feet.

It refers to the maximum distance that the center of gravity deviates from the center position within a certain period of time. The smaller the swing amplitude, the better the static balance ability. Generally measured in millimeters (mm), when healthy adults stand quietly, the amplitude of their center of gravity swing back and forth is usually around 10-20mm, and the amplitude of left and right swing is relatively small.

It refers to the number of times the center of gravity swings per unit time. The lower the frequency, the stronger the static balance control capability. When a normal adult stands quietly, the frequency of center of gravity swing is generally between 0.5-2 times per second.

It is evaluated by analyzing the step characteristics during walking, including step length, stride length, step frequency, bipedal support time, single foot support time, and other parameters. For example, if the stride is uniform, the stride is stable, the stride frequency is moderate, and the ratio of foot support time to single foot support time is reasonable, it indicates good dynamic balance ability during walking. When adults walk normally, the stride length is about 50-80cm, and the step frequency is around 90-120 steps per minute.

It measures the stability and coordination during the transition from one posture to another (such as sitting to standing, standing to walking, etc.). The evaluation indicators include conversion time, accuracy of center of gravity shift, and whether additional support or auxiliary movements are needed. Healthy individuals complete posture transitions quickly and smoothly, with a smooth shift of center of gravity, typically without the need for external force or excessive adjustment movements.

The ability of the human body to restore balance through its own balance adjustment mechanism when subjected to external disturbances such as sudden thrust, tension, or ground shaking. The relevant parameters include reaction time, maximum offset distance, and time to restore balance. Rapid response, ability to control the body's center of gravity within a small deviation range and quickly restore balance, indicate good disturbance response ability.

It is evaluated by comparing the balance test results between open and closed eye states. If the balance function significantly decreases after closing the eyes, it indicates a high degree of dependence on visual information; On the contrary, if there is not much difference in balance performance between opening and closing the eyes, it indicates that other balance regulation mechanisms such as proprioception have played a good role. For example, in the test of standing on one foot with closed eyes, the ability to stand for a longer period of time when the eyes are open is significantly reduced, indicating that vision plays an important role in maintaining balance in this posture.

Using techniques such as surface electromyography to record the activation sequence, intensity, and duration of different muscles during balance tasks. Normal balance control requires multiple groups of muscles to work together, and whether the muscle activity pattern is normal or not can reflect the nervous system's ability to control muscles and the coordination and cooperation between muscles. For example, when maintaining balance in a standing position, the calf muscles, hip muscles, and back muscles will contract and relax in a timely manner according to changes in the body's center of gravity to maintain stability.

ABC Balanced Confidence Scale Based on the confidence level of each item, ranging from 0% (no confidence) to 100% (completely confident), the total score is taken as the average of all items.

≥ 80%: Good balance and confidence, low risk of falling; 50%~80%: moderate risk; <50%: High risk, requiring intervention.

β - endorphin, tumor necrosis factor - α (TNF - α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6)