To better understand the occurrence of hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and the role of macrophage polarization in this process, this study will retrospectively collect clinical data from patients who underwent partial hepatectomy at Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital between September 2021 and March 2025. Additionally, clinical information and liver blood samples from patients scheduled for partial hepatectomy from April 2025 onward will be prospectively collected. These samples will include normal liver tissue from the resected portion, as well as 5 mL of venous blood obtained before and after surgery. The investigators will compare the severity of hepatic IRI, the expression of macrophage polarization-related proteins, and macrophage polarization markers in blood samples between NAFLD patients and controls. The study aims to determine whether NAFLD patients experience more severe hepatic IRI and to elucidate the role and mechanisms of macrophage polarization in this context. The findings will provide a theoretical basis for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying hepatic IRI in NAFLD patients, thereby identifying potential therapeutic targets to prevent IRI and improve prognosis in NAFLD patients undergoing partial hepatectomy.

Inclusion Criteria:

• The vital organ systems (heart, lungs and kidneys) have sufficient functional reserves.

Exclusion Criteria:

• No hepatic inflow occlusion (Pringle maneuver) was applied during surgery.
• American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) Physical Status Classification > Grade III.
• Secondary causes of hepatic steatosis were excluded, including viral hepatitis, drug-induced liver injury, total parenteral nutrition, Wilson's disease, and autoimmune liver diseases.
• Prior chemotherapy or radiotherapy before the planned surgery.
• Use of anticoagulant medications.

Patients undergoing partial hepatectomy