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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| Indonesia Endowment Fund for Education (LPDP), Republic of Indonesia | UNKNOWN |
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The INSPIRE (Integrated Network for Student Psychosocial Intervention, Resilience, and Education) intervention is an 8-week, school-based mental health program designed to enhance adolescents' mental health literacy and resilience while addressing symptoms of depression and anxiety. Implementation is conducted by school counselors who undergo an intensive two-day training program. The intervention is supported by comprehensive curriculum materials including detailed lesson plans, activities, discussion prompts, and instructional slides featuring key concepts, visuals, and explanatory content. Supplementary materials are developed for both participating adolescents and their parents.
The study aims to:
Evaluate the usability and feasibility of the INSPIRE intervention within the school environment.
Assess the intervention's effectiveness in improving:
Explore the experiences of intervention participants (both adolescents and parents) against the control group to develop comprehensive insights into the psychosocial intervention's impact.
The research hypothesis proposes that the INSPIRE intervention group will demonstrate significantly higher scores in mental health knowledge, more positive attitudes toward mental health, increased help-seeking behaviors, enhanced mental health literacy, and greater resilience, while simultaneously showing reduced symptoms of depression and anxiety compared to the control group receiving standard care. These outcomes will be measured immediately following the intervention (post-test 1) and at one-month follow-up (post-test 2).
Pilot Study The pilot study was conducted as a two-centre, two-arm cluster randomised controlled trial with a pre-test-post-test design and a 1:1 allocation ratio. Randomisation was performed at the school (cluster) level to minimise contamination. The pilot phase was implemented from 28 April to July 2025.
Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT) The full-scale randomised controlled trial expanded to a multi-centre design involving five centres, maintaining a two-arm cluster randomised structure with school-level allocation. The RCT commenced in September 2025 and is currently ongoing.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Standard school health routine care | No Intervention | ||
| INSPIRE Intervention | Experimental | Receive an 8-week school-based program aimed at enhancing adolescent mental health, attitudes towards mental health and help-seeking behaviors, mental health literacy, resilience and addressing depression and anxiety. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| INSPIRE (Integrated Network for Student Psychosocial Intervention, Resilience, and Education) | Behavioral | The INSPIRE intervention is an 8-week school-based program aimed at enhancing adolescent mental health, attitudes towards mental health and help-seeking behaviors, mental health literacy, resilience and addressing depression and anxiety. Trained school counsellors deliver this structured curriculum using comprehensive materials including lesson plans, activities, and visual aids. the program provides supplementary resources for both participating students and their parents . |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Adolescents' mental health knowledge | 13-item mental health knowledge scale. Total scores range from 0 to 13, with higher scores indicating better mental health knowledge. | Immediately following the intervention (post-test 1) |
| Adolescents' mental health knowledge | 13-item mental health knowledge scale. Total scores range from 0 to 13, with higher scores indicating better mental health knowledge. | At one-month follow-up (post-test 2). |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Adolescents' attitudes towards mental health | 12-item attitude toward mental health scale. Scores range from 12 to 60, with higher scores indicating more positive attitudes. | immediately following the intervention (post-test 1) |
| Adolescents' attitudes towards mental health |
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Inclusion Criteria:
The inclusion criteria for adolescents are as follows:
The inclusion criteria for parents are as follows:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bandung City Education Office and Junior high schools (Sekolah Menengah Pertama) | Bandung | West Java | Indonesia |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 42337680 | Derived | Yani DI, Peng TA, Wong HC, Chern TP, Goh YSS, Shorey S. INSPIRE: a pilot cluster randomised feasibility trial of a school-based mental health literacy programme for adolescents and parents in Indonesia. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2026 Jun 23. doi: 10.1186/s13034-026-01085-6. Online ahead of print. |
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Two-group parallel-armed randomized controlled trial (RCT) with a pretest and repeated posttest experimental design. Sample size was determined via power analyses informed by three adolescent mental health intervention studies (Casañas et al., 2022; Kaligis et al., 2023; Liddle et al., 2021). Reported effects ranged from small-to-medium (d = 0.26; Liddle) to medium-to-large (d = 0.64; Kaligis), with Casañas reporting 0.382-0.705. To ensure conservative estimates, calculations used the smallest effect (d = 0.26). A two-tailed test (α = 0.05, power = 0.80) indicated 230 participants per arm. Adjusting for 32% attrition, the final target sample size was set at 340 per arm (N = 680).
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|
12-item attitude toward mental health scale. Scores range from 12 to 60, with higher scores indicating more positive attitudes. |
| At one-month follow-up (post-test 2). |
| Adolescents' attitudes toward help-seeking behaviors | 5-item attitude toward mental help-seeking behaviors questionnaire. Scores range from 5 to 15, with higher scores indicating more positive attitudes toward help-seeking behaviors. | Immediately following the intervention (post-test 1) |
| Adolescents' attitudes toward help-seeking behaviors | 5-item attitude toward mental help-seeking behaviors questionnaire. Scores range from 5 to 15, with higher scores indicating more positive attitudes toward help-seeking behaviors. | At one-month follow-up (post-test 2). |
| Adolescents' mental health literacy | the 50-item Knowledge and Attitudes to Mental Health Scales, with total scores ranging from 0 to 200. Higher scores indicated higher mental health literacy. | Immediately following the intervention (post-test 1) |
| Adolescents' mental health literacy | the 50-item Knowledge and Attitudes to Mental Health Scales, with total scores ranging from 0 to 200. Higher scores indicated higher mental health literacy. | At one-month follow-up (post-test 2). |
| Adolescents' resilience | the nine-item resilience evaluation scale, with the total scores ranging from 0 to 36. Higher scores indicated higher psychological resilience. | Immediately following the intervention (post-test 1) |
| Adolescents' resilience | the nine-item resilience evaluation scale, with the total scores ranging from 0 to 36. Higher scores indicated higher psychological resilience. | At one-month follow-up (post-test 2). |
| Adolescents' depression | the nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire, with total scores ranging from 0 to 27. Higher scores indicate more severe depressive symptoms. | Immediately following the intervention (post-test 1) |
| Adolescents' depression | the nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire, with total scores ranging from 0 to 27. Higher scores indicate more severe depressive symptoms. | At one-month follow-up (post-test 2). |
| Adolescents' anxiety | the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale, with total scores ranging from 0 to 21. Higher scores indicate more severe anxiety symptoms. | Immediately following the intervention (post-test 1) |
| Adolescents' anxiety | the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale, with total scores ranging from 0 to 21. Higher scores indicate more severe anxiety symptoms. | At one-month follow-up (post-test 2). |
| Parents' mental health knowledge | 13-item mental health knowledge scale. Total scores range from 0 to 13, with higher scores indicating better mental health knowledge. | Immediately following the intervention (post-test 1) |
| Parents' mental health knowledge | 13-item mental health knowledge scale. Total scores range from 0 to 13, with higher scores indicating better mental health knowledge. | At one-month follow-up (post-test 2). |
| Parents' attitudes towards mental health | 12-item attitude toward mental health scale. Scores range from 12 to 60, with higher scores indicating more positive attitudes. | immediately following the intervention (post-test 1) |
| Parents' attitudes towards mental health | 12-item attitude toward mental health scale. Scores range from 12 to 60, with higher scores indicating more positive attitudes. | At one-month follow-up (post-test 2). |
| Parents' attitudes toward help-seeking behaviors | 5-item attitude toward mental help-seeking behaviors questionnaire. Scores range from 5 to 15, with higher scores indicating more positive attitudes toward help-seeking behaviors. | Immediately following the intervention (post-test 1) |
| Parents' attitudes toward help-seeking behaviors | 5-item attitude toward mental help-seeking behaviors questionnaire. Scores range from 5 to 15, with higher scores indicating more positive attitudes toward help-seeking behaviors. | At one-month follow-up (post-test 2). |
| Parents' mental health literacy | The 16-item Mental Health Literacy Questionnaire, with total scores ranging from 16 to 80. Higher scores indicated higher mental health literacy. | Immediately following the intervention (post-test 1) |
| Parents' mental health literacy | The 16-item Mental Health Literacy Questionnaire, with total scores ranging from 16 to 80. Higher scores indicated higher mental health literacy. | At one-month follow-up (post-test 2). |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000092862 | Psychological Well-Being |
| D003863 | Depression |
| D001008 | Anxiety Disorders |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D010549 | Personal Satisfaction |
| D001519 | Behavior |
| D001526 | Behavioral Symptoms |
| D001523 | Mental Disorders |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D004522 | Educational Status |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D012959 | Socioeconomic Factors |
| D011154 | Population Characteristics |
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