The goal of this observational study is to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of hyperkalemia in community-based non-dialysis chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. The main questions it aims to answer are:

1. What is the prevalence of hyperkalemia in non-dialysis CKD patients in a primary care setting?
2. What are the key risk factors influencing the occurrence of hyperkalemia in this population? Researchers will collect clinical and demographic data from participants across 18 community health centers and use both point-of-care testing (POCT) and laboratory-based methods to measure serum potassium levels and related parameters.

Participants will:

1. Provide blood samples for POCT and laboratory testing.
2. Participate in interviews or questionnaires to gather clinical and lifestyle information.

The findings will be used to construct a risk prediction model for hyperkalemia, aiming to optimize screening pathways and improve disease management strategies in primary care.

Hyperkalemia is a common and life-threatening complication in CKD, with limited data available for non-dialysis patients in community settings. This cross-sectional study will enroll 2,000 non-dialysis CKD patients (Stages 1-5) from 18 community health centers in Songjiang, Shanghai.

The study includes:

1. Validation phase: 500 participants to validate POCT devices for measuring whole blood potassium, glucose, creatinine, uric acid, and hemoglobin.
2. Main phase: 1,500 participants to assess hyperkalemia prevalence and risk factors.

Data will be collected through:

1. POCT and laboratory testing of blood samples.
2. Structured questionnaires capturing demographics, comorbidities, and lifestyle factors.

Statistical analyses will identify key risk factors, and a predictive model will be developed to guide early screening and intervention. This study aims to improve CKD management in primary care by providing evidence for targeted hyperkalemia screening and prevention strategies.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Aged 18 years or older with stable vital signs, specifically defined as:

  1. Body temperature: 36.0°C-38.0°C;
  2. Pulse: 50-120 beats/min;
  3. Respiratory rate: 10-24 breaths/min;
  4. Blood pressure: Systolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure ≥60 mmHg.

• Willing to participate in the study and sign the informed consent form.

• Hematocrit (Hct) level between 25% and 60%.

• Confirmed diagnosis of chronic kidney disease (CKD).

Exclusion Criteria:

• Patients in the unstable phase of acute cardiovascular or cerebrovascular diseases (e.g., acute cerebral infarction, cerebral hemorrhage, or acute coronary syndrome).
• Patients in the unstable phase of severe acute diabetic complications (e.g., diabetic ketoacidosis or hyperosmolar hyperglycemic coma).
• Patients currently in the acute kidney injury (AKI) stage.
• Patients who have started renal replacement therapy.
• Pregnant or breastfeeding women.
• Patients currently participating in or who have participated in other clinical trials within the past six months.
• Patients unable to understand verbal or written instructions, including informed consent content.
• Patients unable to cooperate with the study procedures.
• Other conditions deemed unsuitable for participation in this clinical trial by the investigator.

Non-dialysis CKD patients (Stage 1-5), aged 18 years or older, recruited from 18 community health centers in Songjiang District, Shanghai.

All collected IPD

Starting 6 months after publication

Data will be made available to qualified researchers upon submission of a research proposal and executionof a data use agreement. Data access will be granted after the final study results are published and after anethical review by the institution's ethics board. Data sharing will be coordinated via email. Qualifiedresearchers can contact zxyykjb@163.com to request access to the data.