This is a prospective, non-randomized, non-blinded, crossover feasibility investigation to assess the safety, usability, and efficacy of the investigational mask in the hospital environment. Eligible patients that are stable in NIV and able to give informed consent will be approached and if they consent the patient will be included in the study. If potential participants decline, normal hospital care will be continued. The enrolled participant will receive NIV on the commercially available Visairo mask for one hour during which their ventilatory parameters will be logged. Then the participant will be switched to the investigational mask for another hour. The ventilator data will be collected for these two hours. At the end of the intervention the participant will be reverted to their original mask. The medical staff will be asked to fill out the case report form pertaining to the function and usability of the investigational mask compared to the conventional mask.

In an acute setting, Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) is a method of delivering respiratory support without using an endotracheal tube. It's a first-line treatment for specific conditions like COPD exacerbations and acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema. NIV aims to improve gas exchange, reduce work of breathing, avoid intubation, and reduce complications.

For patients with COPD exacerbations and acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema NIV is a first line therapy. NIV is also considered for other conditions like acute respiratory failure due to asthma exacerbation and in immunocompromised individuals with acute respiratory insufficiency. Additionally, it can be used in post-operative respiratory failure, for difficult weaning, and to prevent post-extubation failure.

NIV has been shown to result in overall better outcomes than mechanical ventilation with reduced mortality and morbidity, fewer ICU acquired infections improved lung function and shorter ICU stays. The severity of the respiratory insufficiency influences the likelihood of successful NIV. One factor associated with respiratory sufficiency is respiratory dead space. This is the volume in the respiratory apparatus that does not partake in gas exchange and in the ventilated patient includes the volume in the equipment, the conductive airways and pathological respiratory tissue. A high dead-space fraction early in the course of the illness is association with increased risk of death.9 Particularly in patients that have a small tidal volume and high respiratory rate, or patients with an increased physiological dead space due to lung disease, a change in instrumental dead space can have a large impact on alveolar minute ventilation. Improved alveolar ventilation can improve CO2 elimination and help to reduce respiratory acidosis as well as improve oxygen delivery.10, 11 This can consequently reduce the respiratory effort required by the patient. 12 If the physician instead chooses to keep arterial CO2 concentration (PaCO2) constant, a reduction of instrumental dead space will allow a reduction of tidal volume, plateau pressure, driving pressure, or a reduction of the respiratory rate and thus a reduction in work of breathing.

NIV with washout improves ventilation compared to conventional NIV by reducing expired air in each breath. This may result in faster normalization of ventilatory gasses and a reduced work of breathing, the patient may improve more rapidly as alveolar ventilation is improved. Or, allow for a reduction in pressure for similar ventilatory benefits, potentially improving NIV tolerance and therapy adherence. In stable COPD patients, NIV with Airway Washout resulted in a significant reduction in minute ventilation compared to conventional NIV. This was approximately 19% lower with OptiNIV compared to conventional NIV.15 In this study minute ventilation will be calculated from the RR and Vt retrieved from the ventilator to asses improvement in ventilation over the study period, this feasibility pilot aims to establish efficacy of airway washout and whether the increased leak required for dead space flushing does not impact safety, usability and performance. When airway washout for dual limb ventilators becomes widely available it may improve NIV therapy efficacy by improving ventilation or reducing the pressure needed for a similar level of ventilatory support.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Adults admitted to the ICU prescribed NIV and stable
• Able to receive therapy on a sub-nasal (under-the-nose) mask
• Are 18 years old or older

Exclusion Criteria:

• Contraindicated for NIV
• NIV is likely to fail and/or intubation be required, at the medical staff's discretion
• Bilevel pressure of ≥ 30 cmH2O required
• Do not fit the investigational mask or the standard mask
• Pregnancy (tested under standard care)
• Unable to tolerate NIV for the duration of the investigation
• Agitated
• Unable to understand the consent process