Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL) via Fiberoptic Bronchoscopy

1. Site selection: For patients with limited lesions, the lesion segment was chosen; For patients with diffuse lesions, the right middle lobe or left upper lobe tongue should be severed.
2. Injecting physiological saline: After the top of the bronchoscope is embedded in the target bronchial segment or subsegment opening, 37 ℃ or room temperature physiological saline is rapidly injected through the operating channel, with a total volume of 60-120ml, injected in batches (20-50ml each time).
3. Negative pressure suction: After injecting physiological saline, immediately use appropriate negative pressure (generally recommended below 100mmHg) to suction and obtain BALF, with a total recovery rate of ≥ 30%.
4. BALF collection: Specimens used for pathogen analysis need to be collected in sterile containers; Cytological analysis requires the selection of plastic containers or siliconized glass containers to reduce cell adhesion.

A throat swab is a diagnostic sampling technique used to collect microbial specimens from the oropharynx and tonsillar areas. The standardized procedure involves:

1. Positioning the patient with their head tilted slightly backward;
2. Using a sterile, synthetic-fiber swab with a plastic shaft (avoiding calcium alginate or wooden shafts);
3. Vigorously rubbing the swab over both tonsillar pillars and the posterior pharyngeal wall while avoiding contact with the tongue, teeth, or uvula;
4. Immediately placing the swab into appropriate transport media viral/bacterial);
5. Maintaining cold chain (2-8°C) for specimen transport if required.