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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| Hospital Universitário Cassiano Antônio de Moraes/HUCAM | UNKNOWN |
| Hospital Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Vitória | UNKNOWN |
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This is a randomized, double-blind clinical trial designed to compare the inotropic effects of vasopressin versus norepinephrine in patients who develop vasoplegic syndrome in the immediate postoperative period following cardiac surgery.
Vasoplegic syndrome is characterized by severe hypotension due to systemic vasodilation, despite adequate fluid resuscitation and preserved or elevated cardiac output. Vasopressors are essential in restoring hemodynamic stability in this context; however, their impact on myocardial performance remains uncertain. While norepinephrine is the standard first-line agent, vasopressin has shown potential benefits, including reduced catecholamine exposure and fewer adverse cardiovascular effects.
This study aims to assess changes in cardiac output and other echocardiographic and hemodynamic parameters after administration of either vasopressin or norepinephrine. The findings are expected to contribute to optimizing vasopressor selection in vasoplegic patients after cardiac surgery and improving clinical outcomes.
This prospective, randomized, double-blind clinical trial investigates the inotropic effects of vasopressin versus norepinephrine in patients who develop vasoplegic syndrome (VS) in the immediate postoperative period following cardiac surgery.
Vasoplegic syndrome is characterized by severe hypotension with low systemic vascular resistance despite adequate cardiac output, often unresponsive to standard fluid resuscitation and catecholamine vasopressors. It is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, especially in cardiac surgery patients. In recent years, vasopressin has been explored as an alternative or adjunctive treatment due to its different mechanism of action and potentially fewer adverse effects compared to catecholamines.
Eligible patients (≥18 years) undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting or valve surgery, who develop vasoplegic syndrome within 24 hours postoperatively, will be randomized in a 1:1 ratio to receive vasopressin or norepinephrine. Drug allocation will be blinded to the clinical and research teams, with identically prepared infusion bags.
The study protocol includes a detailed vasopressor infusion regimen, beginning at 5 mL/h with titration every 10 minutes to a maximum of 30 mL/h, aiming for a target mean arterial pressure (MAP) ≥65 mmHg. Hemodynamic parameters (SBP, DBP, MAP, HR, lactate, SVO₂, CO₂ gap) and echocardiographic indices (LVEF, TAPSE, VTI, CO, SVR) will be collected at baseline (T0) and upon reaching the MAP goal (T1).
Primary endpoint: Comparative assessment of the inotropic effects between the two vasopressors based on echocardiographic and hemodynamic changes from T0 to T1.
Sample size: 175 patients per arm, considering a 30% effect size and 5% attrition rate, powered at 80% with a 5% type I error.
Statistical analysis will follow an intention-to-treat approach using appropriate parametric and non-parametric tests, with p-values <0.05 considered statistically significant.
This trial is expected to provide clinically relevant data on the efficacy and safety of vasopressin in improving myocardial performance in vasoplegic patients, potentially supporting its use as a first-line vasopressor in this context
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Vasopressin | Experimental | Participants randomized to this arm will receive vasopressin intravenously in a blinded solution prepared by the pharmacy (final concentration: 0.12 U/mL in 250 mL of 5% glucose solution). The infusion will start at 5 mL/h and will be titrated by 2.5 mL/h every 10 minutes up to a maximum of 30 mL/h, corresponding to doses between 0.01 and 0.06 U/min. The infusion will be maintained until the target mean arterial pressure (MAP) ≥65 mmHg is achieved. If this target is not reached, open-label norepinephrine may be initiated. Hemodynamic and laboratory parameters will be collected at the start (T0) and after achieving target pressure (T1). |
|
| Noradrenaline | Active Comparator | Participants randomized to this arm will receive norepinephrine intravenously in a blinded solution prepared by the pharmacy (final concentration: 120 µg/mL in 250 mL of 5% glucose solution). The infusion will start at 5 mL/h and will be titrated by 2.5 mL/h every 10 minutes up to a maximum of 30 mL/h, corresponding to doses between 10 and 60 µg/min. The infusion will be maintained until the target mean arterial pressure (MAP) ≥65 mmHg is achieved. If this target is not reached, additional open-label norepinephrine may be started. Hemodynamic and laboratory parameters will be collected at the start (T0) and after achieving target pressure (T1). |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vasopressin intravenous infusion | Drug | Vasopressin will be administered intravenously in a blinded 250 mL bag of 5% glucose solution, at a final concentration of 0.12 U/mL. The infusion will begin at 5 mL/h and be increased by 2.5 mL/h every 10 minutes during the first hour, up to a maximum rate of 30 mL/h (equivalent to doses from 0.01 to 0.06 U/min). The target is to reach and maintain mean arterial pressure (MAP) ≥65 mmHg. If this is not achieved, open-label norepinephrine may be added. Hemodynamic and echocardiographic parameters will be measured before and after the target MAP is reached. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in inotropic function assessed by cardiac output between T0 and T1 | The primary outcome is the variation in cardiac output (CO), measured by transthoracic echocardiography, from the beginning of the vasopressor infusion (T0) until the achievement of target mean arterial pressure ≥65 mmHg (T1), in patients with vasoplegic syndrome after cardiac surgery. This measurement reflects the inotropic effect of vasopressin versus norepinephrine | Up to 1 hour after initiation of vasopressor therapy |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) between T0 and T1 | LVEF will be measured using transthoracic echocardiography at T0 (baseline) and T1 (after achieving MAP ≥65 mmHg), to assess changes in left ventricular systolic function. | Up to 1 hour after vasopressor initiation |
| Time to achieve target mean arterial pressure (MAP ≥65 mmHg) |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Role | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| José León | Contact | +55 (11) 2661-5795 | aro@incor.usp.br |
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Ludhmila A Hajjar, Full Professor | University of Sao Paulo | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Instituto do Coração HCFMUSP | Recruiting | São Paulo | 05403-000 | Brazil |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 26558621 | Background | Belletti A, Musu M, Silvetti S, Saleh O, Pasin L, Monaco F, Hajjar LA, Fominskiy E, Finco G, Zangrillo A, Landoni G. Non-Adrenergic Vasopressors in Patients with or at Risk for Vasodilatory Shock. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials. PLoS One. 2015 Nov 11;10(11):e0142605. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142605. eCollection 2015. | |
| 24621650 |
| Label | URL |
|---|---|
| Morais, V D. Vasopressor Agents in Vasoplegic Syndrome after Cardiac Surgery: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Multiple Treatments \[thesis\]. Porto Alegre: Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul; 2014 \[cited 2019-05-25\]. | View source |
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The study is double-blinded. Vasopressin and norepinephrine solutions will be prepared by the pharmacy in identical intravenous bags, labeled only with the participant's identification code. The pharmacy team will be the only party unblinded to treatment allocation. All other clinical staff, investigators, research personnel, participants, and their families will remain blinded throughout the study period.
|
|
| Norepinephrine intravenous infusion | Drug | Norepinephrine will be administered intravenously in a blinded 250 mL bag of 5% glucose solution, at a final concentration of 120 µg/mL. The infusion will begin at 5 mL/h and be increased by 2.5 mL/h every 10 minutes during the first hour, up to a maximum rate of 30 mL/h (equivalent to doses from 10 to 60 µg/min). The goal is to reach and maintain MAP ≥65 mmHg. If the MAP target is not reached, open-label norepinephrine may be initiated. Clinical and hemodynamic parameters will be collected at baseline and after MAP stabilization. |
|
|
Time (in minutes) between the start of vasopressor infusion (T0) and the point at which MAP ≥65 mmHg is reached (T1), indicating hemodynamic stabilization. |
| Up to 1 hour |
| Change in heart rate (HR) between T0 and T1 | Heart rate will be measured at baseline (T0) and after stabilization (T1) to assess the chronotropic effect of each drug. | Up to 1 hour |
| Change in arterial lactate levels between T0 and T1 | Arterial lactate will be used as a marker of tissue perfusion, measured at T0 and T1, to evaluate response to vasopressor therapy. | Up to 1 hour |
| Change in central venous oxygen saturation (SvOâ‚‚) | SvOâ‚‚ will be measured at T0 and T1 as an indirect marker of oxygen delivery and cardiac output adequacy. | Up to 1 hour |
| Change in COâ‚‚ gap (central venous-to-arterial COâ‚‚ difference) | The COâ‚‚ gap will be evaluated at T0 and T1 to assess tissue hypoperfusion and response to vasopressor use. | Up to 1 hour |
| Need for additional open-label norepinephrine | Number of participants in each arm requiring additional norepinephrine outside the study drug to reach MAP ≥65 mmHg. | During initial vasopressor titration (up to 1 hour) |
| Pelletier JS, Dicken B, Bigam D, Cheung PY. Cardiac effects of vasopressin. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2014 Jul;64(1):100-7. doi: 10.1097/FJC.0000000000000092. |
| 12732600 | Background | Dunser MW, Mayr AJ, Ulmer H, Knotzer H, Sumann G, Pajk W, Friesenecker B, Hasibeder WR. Arginine vasopressin in advanced vasodilatory shock: a prospective, randomized, controlled study. Circulation. 2003 May 13;107(18):2313-9. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000066692.71008.BB. Epub 2003 May 5. |
| 29452808 | Background | Hamzaoui O, Jozwiak M, Geffriaud T, Sztrymf B, Prat D, Jacobs F, Monnet X, Trouiller P, Richard C, Teboul JL. Norepinephrine exerts an inotropic effect during the early phase of human septic shock. Br J Anaesth. 2018 Mar;120(3):517-524. doi: 10.1016/j.bja.2017.11.065. Epub 2017 Nov 21. |
| 20670424 | Background | Hamzaoui O, Georger JF, Monnet X, Ksouri H, Maizel J, Richard C, Teboul JL. Early administration of norepinephrine increases cardiac preload and cardiac output in septic patients with life-threatening hypotension. Crit Care. 2010;14(4):R142. doi: 10.1186/cc9207. Epub 2010 Jul 29. |
| 22508204 | Background | Elgebaly AS, Sabry M. Infusion of low-dose vasopressin improves left ventricular function during separation from cardiopulmonary bypass: a double-blind randomized study. Ann Card Anaesth. 2012 Apr-Jun;15(2):128-33. doi: 10.4103/0971-9784.95076. |
| 24993769 | Background | Gordon AC, Mason AJ, Perkins GD, Ashby D, Brett SJ. Protocol for a randomised controlled trial of VAsopressin versus Noradrenaline as Initial therapy in Septic sHock (VANISH). BMJ Open. 2014 Jul 3;4(7):e005866. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005866. |
| 18305265 | Background | Russell JA, Walley KR, Singer J, Gordon AC, Hebert PC, Cooper DJ, Holmes CL, Mehta S, Granton JT, Storms MM, Cook DJ, Presneill JJ, Ayers D; VASST Investigators. Vasopressin versus norepinephrine infusion in patients with septic shock. N Engl J Med. 2008 Feb 28;358(9):877-87. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa067373. |
| 12645718 | Background | Morales DL, Garrido MJ, Madigan JD, Helman DN, Faber J, Williams MR, Landry DW, Oz MC. A double-blind randomized trial: prophylactic vasopressin reduces hypotension after cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann Thorac Surg. 2003 Mar;75(3):926-30. doi: 10.1016/s0003-4975(02)04408-9. |
| 29801010 | Background | McIntyre WF, Um KJ, Alhazzani W, Lengyel AP, Hajjar L, Gordon AC, Lamontagne F, Healey JS, Whitlock RP, Belley-Cote EP. Association of Vasopressin Plus Catecholamine Vasopressors vs Catecholamines Alone With Atrial Fibrillation in Patients With Distributive Shock: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA. 2018 May 8;319(18):1889-1900. doi: 10.1001/jama.2018.4528. |
| 28057037 | Background | Masarwa R, Paret G, Perlman A, Reif S, Raccah BH, Matok I. Role of vasopressin and terlipressin in refractory shock compared to conventional therapy in the neonatal and pediatric population: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and trial sequential analysis. Crit Care. 2017 Jan 5;21(1):1. doi: 10.1186/s13054-016-1589-6. |
| 25029144 | Background | Asfar P, Chawla L, Lerolle N, Radermacher P. Angiotensin-II: more than just another vasoconstrictor to treat septic shock-induced hypotension?*. Crit Care Med. 2014 Aug;42(8):1961-3. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000000436. No abstract available. |
| 27841822 | Background | Hajjar LA, Vincent JL, Barbosa Gomes Galas FR, Rhodes A, Landoni G, Osawa EA, Melo RR, Sundin MR, Grande SM, Gaiotto FA, Pomerantzeff PM, Dallan LO, Franco RA, Nakamura RE, Lisboa LA, de Almeida JP, Gerent AM, Souza DH, Gaiane MA, Fukushima JT, Park CL, Zambolim C, Rocha Ferreira GS, Strabelli TM, Fernandes FL, Camara L, Zeferino S, Santos VG, Piccioni MA, Jatene FB, Costa Auler JO Jr, Filho RK. Vasopressin versus Norepinephrine in Patients with Vasoplegic Shock after Cardiac Surgery: The VANCS Randomized Controlled Trial. Anesthesiology. 2017 Jan;126(1):85-93. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000001434. |
| 28915214 | Background | Hartmann C, Radermacher P, Wepler M, Nussbaum B. Non-Hemodynamic Effects of Catecholamines. Shock. 2017 Oct;48(4):390-400. doi: 10.1097/SHK.0000000000000879. |
| 18496368 | Background | Vieillard-Baron A, Caille V, Charron C, Belliard G, Page B, Jardin F. Actual incidence of global left ventricular hypokinesia in adult septic shock. Crit Care Med. 2008 Jun;36(6):1701-6. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e318174db05. |
| 29486781 | Background | Levy B, Fritz C, Tahon E, Jacquot A, Auchet T, Kimmoun A. Vasoplegia treatments: the past, the present, and the future. Crit Care. 2018 Feb 27;22(1):52. doi: 10.1186/s13054-018-1967-3. |
| 11121511 | Background | Elenkov IJ, Wilder RL, Chrousos GP, Vizi ES. The sympathetic nerve--an integrative interface between two supersystems: the brain and the immune system. Pharmacol Rev. 2000 Dec;52(4):595-638. |
| 8127127 | Background | Gomes WJ, Carvalho AC, Palma JH, Goncalves I Jr, Buffolo E. Vasoplegic syndrome: a new dilemma. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1994 Mar;107(3):942-3. No abstract available. |
| 30005847 | Background | Bolliger D, Erb JM. Vasopressin-Magic Bullet in Vasoplegia Syndrome After Cardiac Surgery? J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2018 Oct;32(5):2233-2235. doi: 10.1053/j.jvca.2018.06.006. Epub 2018 Jun 20. No abstract available. |
| 14759425 | Background | Levin RL, Degrange MA, Bruno GF, Del Mazo CD, Taborda DJ, Griotti JJ, Boullon FJ. Methylene blue reduces mortality and morbidity in vasoplegic patients after cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 2004 Feb;77(2):496-9. doi: 10.1016/S0003-4975(03)01510-8. |
| 30709595 | Background | Zeng LA, Hwang NC. Vasoplegia: More Magic Bullets? J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2019 May;33(5):1308-1309. doi: 10.1053/j.jvca.2019.01.010. Epub 2019 Jan 4. No abstract available. |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D012770 | Shock, Cardiogenic |
| D011183 | Postoperative Complications |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009203 | Myocardial Infarction |
| D017202 | Myocardial Ischemia |
| D006331 | Heart Diseases |
| D002318 | Cardiovascular Diseases |
| D014652 | Vascular Diseases |
| D007238 | Infarction |
| D007511 | Ischemia |
| D010335 | Pathologic Processes |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D009336 | Necrosis |
| D012769 | Shock |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001127 | Arginine Vasopressin |
| D014667 | Vasopressins |
| D009638 | Norepinephrine |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D010909 | Pituitary Hormones, Posterior |
| D010907 | Pituitary Hormones |
| D036361 | Peptide Hormones |
| D006728 | Hormones |
| D006730 | Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists |
| D009479 | Neuropeptides |
| D010455 | Peptides |
| D000602 | Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins |
| D009842 | Oligopeptides |
| D009419 | Nerve Tissue Proteins |
| D011506 | Proteins |
| D004983 | Ethanolamines |
| D000605 | Amino Alcohols |
| D000438 | Alcohols |
| D009930 | Organic Chemicals |
| D000588 | Amines |
| D015306 | Biogenic Monoamines |
| D001679 | Biogenic Amines |
| D002395 | Catecholamines |
| D002396 | Catechols |
| D010636 | Phenols |
| D001555 | Benzene Derivatives |
| D006841 | Hydrocarbons, Aromatic |
| D006844 | Hydrocarbons, Cyclic |
| D006838 | Hydrocarbons |
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