The purpose of this study to learn if high-dose dexamethasone, a type of long-acting steroid, works to decrease urinary symptoms and pain after ureteroscopy and stent placement for kidney stones. The main question it aims to answer is:

1) Does high-dose steroid change the quality of life score on day 2 after surgery

Researchers will compare high-dose of dexamethasone (20 mg) to a standard dose of dexamethasone (4 mg) to see if a higher dose of the drug will help with urinary symptoms and pain

Participants will:

1. randomly receive 20 mg or 4 mg of dexamethasone (20 mg) at the time of surgery
2. fill out a questionnaire day 1 and day 2 after surgery
3. fill out a medication diary for one week after surgery
4. visit the clinic on day 2 after surgery for checkup
5. visit the clinic on day 4-7 after surgery for check up

Patient will be in the study for a duration of 30 days. Randomization will be performed on the day of surgery using the NIH Clinical Trial Randomization Tool.

In the preoperative area, a finger stick blood glucose (FSBG) level will be checked. Patients with a FSBG ≥126 mg/dL will be disqualified from the study.

Following induction of general anesthesia, the anesthesiologist will administer the study drug (dexamethasone 20 mg vs 4 mg) without members of the surgery team in the operating room. This is the only treatment that will be done for research purpose. The following are part of routine clinical care. Perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis will be given by the discretion of the surgeon following Houston Methodist Hospital (HMH) and American Urological Association (AUA) guidelines. Ureteroscopy (URS) will then be performed. If laser lithotripsy will be performed, a holmium or thulium laser will be used. After URS is completed, a ureteral stent will be placed. The length of the stent will be determined by the patient's height. Stent string can be left on or removed prior to placement based on surgeon discretion. Subjects will be prescribed tamsulosin (0.4 mg, #30), docusate (100 mg, #60), extended-release oxybutynin (10 mg, #30), and tramadol (50 mg, #20) OR acetaminophen/codeine (325/30 mg, #20). Stent removal will be performed in clinic 4-7 days after surgery.

FSBG will be checked upon patient's arrival to the PACU. Postop corrective insulin lispro LOW dose will be administered if needed and FSBG will be rechecked in one hour according to Houston Methodist's "Diabetes and Hyperglycemia Management Postop" protocol.

Persistent hyperglycemia will be defined as FSBG ≥200 one hour after insulin administration. If patient is experiencing persistent hyperglycemia, they will be admitted for monitoring. An endocrinologist will be consulted for evaluation and treatment of hyperglycemia and its acute complication if suspected.

Patients will be observed in the PACU for at least 3 hours. After meeting standard discharge criteria, a final FSBG will be checked. Patients will only be discharged if FSBG is between 81 mg/dL and 200 mg/dL.

For research purposes, the Ureteral Stent Symptom Questionnaire (USSQ) is a validated questionnaire that will be used to assess and measure ureteral stent symptoms in this study. One set of the USSQ will be given to patients as a packet after surgery, and patients will be instructed to take the questionnaire on POD 1. Subjects will be telephoned by study staff on POD1 to maximize the completion rate of forms and will be inquired if they have signs and symptoms of DKA/HHS (e.g. polyuria, polydipsia, fruity breath odor, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain). Subjects will be instructed to seek care at the nearest emergency room if needed, preferably Houston Methodist Hospital.

Subjects will also be given a medication diary to record the use of all medication prescribed following surgery. Opioid use will be converted to total morphine equivalents.

Patients will also be instructed to follow up on POD2 in the clinic for a nursing visit and with the study coordinator. The second set of USSQ will be given and patients will fill out the questionnaire in the office. During this visit, a random FSBG will also be checked for research purpose. If FSBG ≥200 mg/dL, patients will be directed to seek care at the emergency room at Houston Methodist Hospital. An endocrinologist will be consulted for evaluation and treatment of hyperglycemia and its acute complication if suspected.

Patient will come to the clinic again on POD4-7 for stent removal. Subjects will not fill out the USSQ questionnaire on these days. The medication diary will be collected from the subjects during this visit. A random FSBG will also be performed during this follow up visit for research purpose. If FSBG ≥200 mg/dL, patients will be directed to seek care at the emergency room at Houston Methodist Hospital. An endocrinologist will be consulted for evaluation and treatment of hyperglycemia and its acute complication if suspected.

On the 30 day after their surgery, subjects will be telephone by study staff to record any adverse events including side effects, emergency room visits, or hospital admission. Their electronic medical records within the 30 days will also be reviewed by the study team.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Age 18-70 years old
2. Patients who are undergoing unilateral retrograde ureteroscopy (semi-rigid or flexible) with planned ureteral stent placement for treatment of renal/ureteral stones
3. Patients who can read and understand English
4. Patients who can follow up post-operatively within 7 days at Houston Methodist Hospital

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Untreated UTI
2. HbA1c ≥6.5 on preoperative testing
3. Patients with prior diagnosis of any type of diabetes mellitus
4. Patients with immunosuppression, including chronic corticosteroid use
5. Patients with bleeding disorder
6. Patients with chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, and liver failure.
7. Patients taking strong CYP3A4 inducers or inhibitors within two weeks of screening
8. Chronic opioid analgesic use
9. Congenital renal abnormalities (e.g. pelvic kidney, ureteric duplication) that may impair stent placement
10. Concurrent genitourinary malignancy
11. Urinary diversion
12. Renal transplantation
13. History of interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome, prostatitis, pelvic pain due to other conditions (e.g. endometriosis)
14. Neurologic disorder (e.g. spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, spina bifida)
15. Pregnant or breastfeeding
16. Patients with cognitive impairments or untreated psychiatric illness