The intervention group received the HET-based intervention program for 12 weeks.

The control group received routine community care for 12 weeks.

The intervention group received the HET-based intervention program for 12 weeks. From the first week to the fourth week, community nurses interacted with the participants face-to-face to analyze and establish their problems and needs in health management (usual community health services utilization, such as medicine purchases and vaccinations) and helped clarify the importance of health management and their strengths (such as existing health knowledge). From the fifth to twelfth weeks, participants attended health knowledge lectures led by community nurses, covering topics such as: a) healthy lifestyle, primarily diet, exercise, and disease prevention and management for older adults; and b) community health services, which included recent or long-term community health services (such as health examinations for older adults and family doctor contracts). WeChat groups and offline gatherings at community health centers (with groups of eight to ten peers) were organized to interact and comm

The Older Health Empowerment Evaluation Scale comprises six subdimensions: liability beliefs, knowledge and skills, external support, participation in health management, acceptance of change, and empowerment of others.35 The scale consists of 38 items. A Likert 5-point scoring method was employed, with a total score ranging from 38 to 190. A high score indicates a high level of health empowerment among older adults. The total Cronbach's α coefficient was 0.959, with the Cronbach's α coefficient of each dimension ranging from 0.827 to 0.890. This scale was used to replace the chronic disease older health empowerment scale, mainly to better assess health empowerment in older adults and reflect subtle but significant differences in empowerment levels between the older groups.

The Adult Health Self-Management Skill Rating Scale is a widely used instrument for evaluating individual self-health management ability.36 The formal scale consists of three subscales with 38 items: the Health Self-Management Cognition subscale (14 items), Self-Management Environment subscale (10 items), and Health Self-Management Behavior subscale (14 items). A Likert 5-point scoring method was employed, whereby a high score indicates a high level of health self-management ability. A score of 36 to 76 indicates a low level of ability, 77 to 152 denotes a medium level, and 153 to 190 indicates a high level of ability. The Cronbach's α coefficient of the scale was 0.993, and the content validity was 0.895.