Pain is a subjective and unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. Fractures result from a disruption in the continuity of bone, where bones are subjected to traction, twisting, or compression, causing damage to the surrounding muscular tissues. The treatment of displaced or complex fractures typically requires internal fixation surgery. 89% of fracture patients experience postoperative pain and swelling by the second day following open reduction and internal fixation surgery. These negative sensations can lead to increased pain, limb deformity, and neurovascular compression injuries. If postoperative pain is not adequately managed, it can affect wound healing, increase metabolism and oxygen consumption, and place additional strain on cardiopulmonary function. It is necessary to integrate alternative, non-pharmacological, non-invasive pain relief measures. Effectively and safely alleviating acute postoperative pain can enhance comfort, promote early mobilization, improve adherence to postoperative physical therapy, enhance quality of life and shorten hospital stays.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. The patient was hospitalized due to injuries from an accident, diagnosed with unilateral femoral fracture and underwent open reduction internal fixation surgery, hemiarthroplasty, and total hip arthroplasty.
2. Adults aged 18 years or older.
3. Conscious and able to communicate in Mandarin or Taiwanese (Min Nan).
4. Intact and without missing lower limbs.
5. Willing to sign the informed consent form after being briefed on the study objectives and procedures.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Diagnosis of musculoskeletal tumors.
2. History of cerebrovascular accident or peripheral vascular neuropathy.
3. Major medical conditions such as cirrhosis, renal failure, heart failure, cancer, and severe brain diseases.
4. Edema caused by nutritional deficiency or mucinous causes.
5. Pregnant or lactating women.
6. Patients using patient-controlled analgesia post-surgery.
7. Severe psychiatric disorders or perceptual disorders.
8. Platelet count less than 20 x 10^3/uL before screening.
9. Albumin less than 3.5g/dL before screening.
10. Individuals closely related to the trial personnel, such as immediate family or dependents of the principal investigator.