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This randomized, double-blind study examines the acute effects of shoulder mobilization on muscle strength and proprioception in healthy individuals. Forty-eight participants (aged 18-25) were randomly assigned to either a mobilization or sham intervention group. Muscle strength and proprioception were assessed before and after treatment. The mobilization group received passive shoulder joint glides, while the sham group underwent a placebo procedure. The study aims to determine whether mobilization affects strength and proprioception immediately.
Summary of the Study
This randomized, double-blind study investigates the acute effects of shoulder joint mobilization on muscle strength and proprioception in healthy individuals compared to a sham intervention.
Background:
The shoulder joint is highly mobile and prone to injury, with rehabilitation often including manual therapy techniques like joint mobilization. Mobilization may enhance joint stability, neuromuscular control, and proprioception by stimulating mechanoreceptors. However, its immediate effects on shoulder proprioception and strength remain unclear.
Methods:
Participants: 48 healthy university students (aged 18-25) randomly assigned to either the mobilization or sham group.
Assessments: Muscle strength (using a handheld dynamometer) and proprioception (laser pointer-assisted joint position reproduction test) were measured before and after the intervention.
Intervention: The mobilization group received passive shoulder joint glides, while the sham group underwent a placebo procedure without actual joint movement.
Conclusion:
This study aims to determine whether shoulder mobilization has immediate effects on proprioception and strength.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mobilization Group | Experimental | Participants receive passive shoulder joint mobilization targeting the glenohumeral joint. |
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| Sham Group | Sham Comparator | Participants undergo a placebo procedure where the practitioner mimics the mobilization technique without applying actual joint movement or distraction. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Joint mobilization | Other | Participants receive passive shoulder joint mobilization on the dominant-side glenohumeral joint. The mobilization includes inferior, anterior, and posterior glide techniques, each performed for 1 minute at a frequency of 0.5 Hz, with a 30-second rest between each mobilization. The participant is positioned comfortably to support the joint's range of motion. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Proprioception | Laser pointer-assisted joint position reproduction test for shoulder: A laser pointer is strapped 5 cm above the lateral epicondyle. Participants actively move their arm to a predefined position (90° flexion or abduction), and the laser projection is marked. After lowering their arm and closing their eyes, they attempt to replicate the same position. The difference between the initial and reproduced positions (in millimeters) is measured | Before the intervention |
| Proprioception | Laser pointer-assisted joint position reproduction test for shoulder: A laser pointer is strapped 5 cm above the lateral epicondyle. Participants actively move their arm to a predefined position (90° flexion or abduction), and the laser projection is marked. After lowering their arm and closing their eyes, they attempt to replicate the same position. The difference between the initial and reproduced positions (in millimeters) is measured | Immediately after intervention |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Muscle Strength | Hand-held dynamometer (Lafayette) Muscle strength will be measured using a hand-held dynamometer (Lafayette). The assessment will focus on the shoulder flexors, abductors, internal rotators, and external rotators. Three measurements for each muscle group will be taken, and the average value will be recorded in kilograms (kg). | Before the intervention |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acıbadem University Kerem Aydınlar Campus | Ataşehir | Istanbul | 34752 | Turkey (Türkiye) |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 41547871 | Derived | Acar AO, Amani A, Ishani S, Einollahi K, Babayeva R. Shoulder joint mobilization does not acutely affect strength or proprioception in healthy individuals. Sci Rep. 2026 Jan 17;16(1):4623. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-34680-2. |
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Demographic Data:
Age and gender,
Outcome Measures Data:
Muscle strength values recorded using the hand-held dynamometer for each muscle group (shoulder flexors, abductors, internal rotators, external rotators).
Proprioception data measured by the laser pointer-assisted joint position reproduction test, including the distance (in millimeters) between the initial and reproduced positions for both shoulder flexion and abduction.
Group Assignment Data:
Whether the participant was assigned to the mobilization group or the sham intervention group.
Intervention Data:
Details of the intervention received, including whether they underwent shoulder mobilization or placebo procedure.
Timing of Measurements:
Pre- and post-intervention data for both muscle strength and proprioception assessments.
The IPD and supporting information will be made available starting from the date of publication of the study's results. The data will be accessible for 5 years from the publication date to allow for ample time for further analysis, replication studies, or meta-analysis by other researchers.
Who Can Access:
What They Can Access:
How They Can Access:
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48 participants were assessed for eligibility and randomized before any intervention was delivered. No dropouts or exclusions occurred.
Participants were recruited from a university setting between April and May 2025. All participants provided written informed consent.
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| FG000 | Mobilization Group | Received passive glenohumeral joint mobilization (inferior, anterior, posterior glides). |
| FG001 | Sham Group | Received simulated mobilization without mechanical input. |
| Title | Milestones | Reasons Not Completed | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study |
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BG000 | Mobilization Group | Received passive glenohumeral joint mobilization (inferior, anterior, posterior glides). |
| BG001 | Sham Group | Received simulated mobilization without mechanical input. |
| Units | Counts |
|---|---|
| Participants |
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| Title | Description | Population Description | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Denominator Units Selected | Denominators | Classes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | Mean |
| Type | Title | Description | Population Description | Reporting Status | Anticipated Posting Date | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Time Frame | Units Analyzed | Denominator Units Selected | Arm/Group Information | Denominators | Classes | Analyses | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Proprioception | Laser pointer-assisted joint position reproduction test for shoulder: A laser pointer is strapped 5 cm above the lateral epicondyle. Participants actively move their arm to a predefined position (90° flexion or abduction), and the laser projection is marked. After lowering their arm and closing their eyes, they attempt to replicate the same position. The difference between the initial and reproduced positions (in millimeters) is measured | Posted | Median | Standard Deviation | mm | Before the intervention |
|
Immediately post-intervention (same day)
Participants were monitored during and immediately after the intervention session for adverse events.
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| ID | Title | Description | Deaths (Affected) | Deaths (At Risk) | Serious Events (Affected) | Serious Events (At Risk) | Other Events (Affected) | Other Events (At Risk) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EG000 | Mobilization Group | Received passive glenohumeral joint mobilization (inferior, anterior, posterior glides). |
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| Title | Organization | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ali Ömer ACAR | Acıbadem University, Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation | +90 216 500 44 44 | 3578 | aliomer.acar@acibadem.edu.tr |
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| Type | Includes Protocol | Includes SAP | Includes ICF | Document Label | Document Date | Document Uploaded Date | Document File Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prot_SAP | Yes | Yes | No | Study Protocol and Statistical Analysis Plan | Mar 7, 2025 | Oct 15, 2025 | Prot_SAP_000.pdf |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| C005703 | salicylhydroxamic acid |
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Participants are randomly assigned to either the shoulder mobilization group or the sham mobilization group, and they remain in their assigned group throughout the study. This design allows for a direct comparison of the acute effects of mobilization on muscle strength and proprioception.
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| Sham | Other | In the sham intervention, the practitioner mimics the technique of shoulder mobilization but does not apply any actual movement or glide effect on the joint. The procedure is designed to closely resemble the real intervention in terms of duration, rhythm, and the practitioner's handling of the participant's shoulder. The practitioner will use superficial touch on the glenohumeral joint without applying any of the mobilizing forces necessary to move the joint. |
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| Muscle Strength | Hand-held dynamometer (Lafayette) Muscle strength will be measured using a hand-held dynamometer (Lafayette). The assessment will focus on the shoulder flexors, abductors, internal rotators, and external rotators. Three measurements for each muscle group will be taken, and the average value will be recorded in kilograms (kg). | Immediately after intervention |
| BG002 | Total | Total of all reporting groups |
| years |
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| Sex: Female, Male | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Muscle strength | Median | Inter-Quartile Range | kg |
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| Proprioception Error | Median | Inter-Quartile Range | mm |
|
|
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| Primary | Proprioception | Laser pointer-assisted joint position reproduction test for shoulder: A laser pointer is strapped 5 cm above the lateral epicondyle. Participants actively move their arm to a predefined position (90° flexion or abduction), and the laser projection is marked. After lowering their arm and closing their eyes, they attempt to replicate the same position. The difference between the initial and reproduced positions (in millimeters) is measured | Posted | Median | Standard Deviation | mm | Immediately after intervention |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Muscle Strength | Hand-held dynamometer (Lafayette) Muscle strength will be measured using a hand-held dynamometer (Lafayette). The assessment will focus on the shoulder flexors, abductors, internal rotators, and external rotators. Three measurements for each muscle group will be taken, and the average value will be recorded in kilograms (kg). | Posted | Median | Standard Deviation | kg | Before the intervention |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Muscle Strength | Hand-held dynamometer (Lafayette) Muscle strength will be measured using a hand-held dynamometer (Lafayette). The assessment will focus on the shoulder flexors, abductors, internal rotators, and external rotators. Three measurements for each muscle group will be taken, and the average value will be recorded in kilograms (kg). | Posted | Median | Standard Deviation | kg | Immediately after intervention |
|
|
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| 0 |
| 24 |
| 0 |
| 24 |
| 0 |
| 24 |
| EG001 | Sham Group | Received simulated mobilization without mechanical input. | 0 | 24 | 0 | 24 | 0 | 24 |
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| Shoulder External Rotation |
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| Shoulder Internal Rotation |
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| Shoulder External Rotation |
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| Shoulder Internal Rotation |
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