This group will receive antenatal education based on transformational learning theory. The program aims to reduce birth fear and traumatic birth perception by providing participants with targeted information and strategies. Participants will gain knowledge and coping mechanisms to manage pain, stress, and anxiety during labor. The education will focus on raising awareness about the birth process, promoting psychological preparedness, and supporting post-birth recovery, all aimed at enhancing overall birth experience and well-being

This group will receive standard antenatal care, which includes routine check-ups and general health education related to pregnancy. Participants will not receive the transformational learning-based antenatal education or any specific intervention related to birth fear or traumatic birth perception. The standard care focuses on general information about the physiological process of pregnancy and labor but does not address psychological preparedness or provide strategies for managing birth-related anxiety or fear.

The Transformational Learning-Based Antenatal Education Program helps pregnant women reduce birth-related anxiety and fear by utilizing transformational learning theory. Unlike traditional antenatal education, it emphasizes psychological preparedness, focusing on emotional well-being and coping strategies. The program includes interactive learning, group discussions, and self-reflection to engage participants actively. This approach aims to boost women's confidence and reduce stress as they approach labor and delivery.

This will be assessed using the Traumatic Birth Perception Scale.The scale, developed by Yalnız et al. (2016), is called the Traumatic Birth Perception Scale. It is designed to assess the traumatic birth perception levels of women of reproductive age. It consists of 13 items that encompass the thoughts and emotions, such as anxiety, fear, and concern, that a woman experiences when thinking about childbirth. For each item, respondents rate their feelings on a scale from 0 ("no fear") to 10 ("extreme fear"). The total average score indicates the level of traumatic birth perception. The lowest and highest possible scores on the scale are 0 and 130, respectively. As the score increases, it reflects a higher perception of traumatic birth. The score ranges are as follows: 0-26 indicates very low, 27-52 low, 53-78 moderate, 79-104 high, and 105-130 indicates very high levels of traumatic birth perception. The Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient of the scale is 0.89.

The Childbirth Readiness Subscale (PKDÖ-DHOÖ) was developed by Lederman in 1979 to assess women's adaptation to motherhood during the prenatal period. The scale, consisting of 79 items and using a 4-point Likert-type scale, was validated and tested for reliability in Turkey by Beydağ and Mete (2008). The scale includes 7 subscales: thoughts about the health of oneself and the baby, acceptance of pregnancy, acceptance of the maternal role, childbirth readiness, fear of childbirth, relationship with the mother, and relationship with the spouse. These subscales can be used independently. The general Cronbach's alpha for the Turkish version of the scale is 0.81, and the internal consistency reliability coefficients for the subgroups range from 0.72 to 0.85 (Beydağ & Mete, 2008). Scores on the scale range from 10 to 40. The Cronbach's alpha value for the Childbirth Readiness Subscale (DHOÖ) is 0.72. As the score increases, it indicates a lower level of readiness for childbirth.