Chemotherapy often causes nausea and vomiting (CINV), and this is a major problem for the children being treated for cancer. To prevent this, a combination of two substances in fixed proportion (IV NEPA) was developed. The two substances are: palonosetron, an antagonist of 5 HT3 receptors, and fosnetupitant, an antagonist of NK1 receptors that transforms into netupitant in the body. The medication is administered through intravenous injection (IV- drip).

This study is built from 2 parts:

Part 1: phase 2, open label Part 2: phase 3 double blind

The detailed description, study design, study milestones and eligibility criteria will reflect the Part 1 requirements

Part I of the study is a Phase 2, open-label, randomised (for Cohort 1 only), single chemotherapy cycle study which will compare single-dose of IV NEPA to another treatment (fosaprepitant/ondansetron) considered as a standard of care, in patients receiving single-day chemotherapy that has a high possibility to generate a vomiting episode (HEC) (Cohort 1) and assess repeated dose of IV NEPA in patients receiving multi day HEC chemotherapy (Cohort 2).

Because this will be the first study testing the IV NEPA in children, Part I will enroll patients from older to younger age groups with safety checks before moving to the next group.

Inclusion Criteria:

The following inclusion criteria must be checked prior to study inclusion:

1. Signed written Informed Consent Form (ICF) by parent(s)/legal guardian of the paediatric patient in compliance with the local laws and regulations. In addition, the signed children's Assent Form according to local requirements.

2. Male or female in- or out-patient from 0 months (newborns) to <18 years on the date of enrolment (Day 1).

3. Cohort 1: Patient < 6 months weighing at least 4 kg or patient ≥ 6 months weighing at least 6 kg.

   Cohort 2: Patient weighing at least 4 kg.

4. Patient with a predicted life expectancy ≥3 months according to Investigator's opinion.

5. Patient naïve or non-naïve to chemotherapy, with histologically and/or cytologically (or imaging in the case of brain tumours and nephroblastomas) confirmed malignant disease.

6. Cohort 1: Patient scheduled and eligible to receive at least 1 cycle of single-day HEC.

   Cohort 2: Patient scheduled and eligible to receive at least 1 cycle of multi-day HEC.

   (For the level of emetogenicity of the chemotherapeutic agents, refer to the POGO January 2021 guideline).

7. For patients aged ≥10 years: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status (ECOG PS) ≤2.

8. For patient with known hepatic impairment: the patient may be enrolled provided the serum ALT and AST are ≤2.5 ULN, the total bilirubin is ≤1.5 ULN, and in the Investigator's opinion the impairment is not expected to jeopardize the patient's safety during the study.

9. For patient with known renal impairment: the patient may be enrolled provided the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) is ≥70 mL/min/1.73m2 (≥50 mL/min/1.73m2 for children <3 months old) (the eGFR should be calculated using the modified Schwartz equation) and in the Investigator's opinion the impairment is not expected to jeopardize the patient's safety during the study.

10. For patient with known history or predisposition to cardiac abnormalities: as per the Investigator's opinion, the history/predisposition should not jeopardize patient's safety during the study.

11. Patient with non-clinically significant abnormal laboratory values or with clinically relevant abnormal laboratory values may be enrolled if in the Investigator's opinion the patient's safety is not expected to be jeopardized.

12. Female patient shall: a) not have attained menarche yet or b) have attained menarche and have a negative serum pregnancy test at the Screening Visit and a negative urine pregnancy test at Day 1.

13. Male or female fertile patient using reliable contraceptive measures. Such measures, for patient and sexual partner, include: implants, injectables, combined oral contraceptives, intrauterine devices, vasectomized/sterilized partner, use of a double barrier method, or sexual abstinence. The patient and his/her parent(s)/legal guardian must be counselled on the importance of avoiding pregnancy before and during the study.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. The patient and/or parent(s)/legal guardian are expected by the Investigator to be non compliant with the study procedures.

2. Patient has received or is scheduled to receive total body irradiation; total nodal irradiation; upper abdomen radiotherapy; half or upper body irradiation; or radiotherapy of the cranium, craniospinal regions, head and neck, lower thorax region, or the pelvis within 1 week prior to study entry (Day 1) or within 120 h after start of chemotherapy on Day 1 (Cohort 1 patients) or within 168 h (for Cohort 2 patients receiving the last IV NEPA on Day 3) or 216 h (for Cohort 2 patients receiving the last IV NEPA on Day 5) from start of chemotherapy on Day 1.

3. Known history of allergy to any component of the study treatments or other contraindications to any NK1-RAs or 5-HT3-RAs.

4. Active infection.

5. Any illness or condition that, in the opinion of the Investigator, may pose unwarranted risks in administering the investigational product to the patient.

6. Uncontrolled medical condition (e.g., uncontrolled insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus).

7. Patient experiencing ongoing vomiting from any organic aetiology (including patients with history of gastric outlet obstruction or intestinal obstruction due to adhesions or volvulus), or patient with hydrocephalus.

8. Patient who experienced any vomiting, retching, or nausea within 24 h prior to the administration of the study treatment on Day 1 (Note: functional vomiting for infants, which is normally seen during the first 3 months of life, is not to be considered as vomiting).

9. Patient who received any drug with potential antiemetic effect within 24 h prior to administration of study treatment on Day 1, including but not limited to the following:

   • NK1-RAs (e.g., (fos)aprepitant or any other drug of this class)
   • 5-HT3-RAs (e.g., ondansetron, granisetron, dolasetron, tropisetron, ramosetron)
   • Benzamides (e.g., metoclopramide, alizapride)
   • Phenothiazines (e.g., prochlorperazine, promethazine, perphenazine, fluphenazine, chlorpromazine, thiethylperazine)
   • Benzodiazepines initiated 48 h prior to study treatment administration on Day 1 or expected to be administered within the efficacy assessment period, except for single doses of midazolam, temazepam, or triazolam
   • Butyrophenones (e.g., droperidol, haloperidol)
   • Anticholinergics (e.g., scopolamine, except the inhaled anticholinergics for respiratory disorders e.g., ipratropium bromide)
   • Antihistamines (e.g., diphenhydramine, cyclizine, hydroxyzine, chlorphenhyramine, dimenhydrinate, meclizine)
   • Domperidone
   • Mirtazapine
   • Olanzapine
   • Prescribed cannabinoids (e.g., tetrahydrocannabinol, nabilone)
   • Over-the-counter (OTC) antiemetics, OTC cold medications, or OTC allergy medications
   • Herbal preparations containing ephedra or ginger

10. Patient who received palonosetron within 1 week prior to administration of study treatment on Day 1.

11. Patient receiving systemic corticosteroid therapy above 0.14mg/kg or >10 mg of prednisone daily or equivalent.

    Exception:

    Dexamethasone for the prevention of CINV is permitted in association with the study treatment (Test Treatment and Reference Treatment) as per standard of care and applicable guidelines, provided its dosage is reduced by 50% in consideration of known interactions with various NK1 RAs, including fosaprepitant and fosnetupitant.

12. Patient aged <6 years who received any investigational drug (defined as a medication with no marketing authorization granted for any age or indication) within 90 days prior to Day 1, or patient aged ≥6 years who received any investigational drug within 30 days prior to Day 1, or patient any age who is expected to receive investigational drugs prior to study completion.

13. Intake of alcohol, food, or beverages (e.g., grapefruit, cranberry, pomegranate, and aloe vera juices; German chamomile) known to interfere with CYP3A4 or CYP2D6 metabolic enzymes within 1 week prior to Day 1 and during the overall study period.

14. Use of any drugs or substances known to be strong inhibitors of CYP3A4 or CYP2D6 enzymes within 1 week prior to Day 1 or planned to be used during the overall study period.

15. Use of any drugs or substances known to be CYP3A4 substrates with narrow therapeutic range within 1 week prior to Day 1 or planned to be used during the overall study period.

16. Use of any drugs or substances known to be strong inducers of CYP3A4 or CYP2D6 enzymes within 4 weeks prior to Day 1 or planned to be used during the overall study period.

17. Lactating female patient.

18. Enrolment in a previous study on netupitant (either administered alone or in combination with palonosetron).

19. Marked baseline prolongation of QTc interval (QTcF>460 millisecond [msec]). At the discretion of the investigator, criterion may be based on automatic interpretation of results.

Only global trial data will be shared, not a single patient