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This study aims to learn about the effects of aquatic and land exercises on managing chronic low back pain in adults aged 18-65. The participants engage in a 12-week supervised land and water-based exercise program.
The main questions this study aims to answer are:
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aquatic Exercise Group | Experimental | The aquatic exercise session is approximately 45-60 minutes, thrice a week, for twelve weeks, 36 sessions total. They are supervised by an experienced researcher who is a qualified Physiotherapist. The one-hour session generally includes a warm-up, the main exercise session, and a cool-down period. The exercises include balance and agility training, cardio exercises, flexibility, upper and lower limb stretching and strengthening exercises, trunk rotations, etc. Additionally, the group receives back care education involving guidelines and recommendations for adopting good posture, self-management, and active lifestyle advice each week of the intervention. Also, the participants are given a participant education handbook containing all the information and resources about LBP. |
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| Land Exercise Group | Active Comparator | The land exercise group will follow the same structured protocol as the aquatic exercise group regarding duration, frequency, and intensity. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aquatic Exercises | Other | The aquatic exercise intervention consists of structured, supervised, water-based exercises designed and delivered by an experienced physiotherapist specifically for individuals with chronic low back pain. Sessions are conducted in a temperature-controlled swimming pool with proper warm-up and cool-down. The intervention follows a progressive intensity approach with easy, medium, and hard approaches. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Pain Intensity | Pain intensity is measured by the Numerical Pain Rating Scale where the participants will report their pain as 0 (no pain) and 10(worst imaginable pain). | Baseline before the intervention/pre-testing, at the 8th week of the intervention, within a week after the last training session, and three months after the end of the training (Follow-up period). |
| Functional Disability | Functional disability is assessed by the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire, a 24-item self-reported measure evaluating the impact of low back pain on daily activities. | Baseline before the intervention/pre-testing, at the 8th week of the intervention, within a week after the last training session, and three months after the end of the training (Follow-up period). |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Health-Related Quality of Life | Quality of Life is assessed by the Short-Form Health Survey 36, a validated questionnaire measuring the eight physical and mental health domains. | Baseline before the intervention/pre-testing, at the 8th week of the intervention, within a week after the last training session, and three months after the end of the training (Follow-up period). |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
Aquatic exercises /Pool specific:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| St. Leonard building, The University of Edinburgh | Edinburgh | EH8 8AQ | United Kingdom |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D006875 | Hydrotherapy |
| D000088543 | Aquatic Therapy |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D026741 | Physical Therapy Modalities |
| D013812 | Therapeutics |
| D012046 | Rehabilitation |
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Parallel-group, Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) design
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| Land Exercises | Other | The land-based exercise intervention mirrors the aquatic exercise protocol regarding exercise type, duration, frequency, and progression but is performed on land. |
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| Sleep Quality | The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index measures the sleep quality, its scores measured from 0-21, with higher scores indicating poor sleep quality. | Baseline before the intervention/pre-testing, at the 8th week of the intervention, within a week after the last training session, and three months after the end of the training (Follow-up period). |
| Kinesiophobia (Fear of Movement-Related to Pain) | Kinesiophobia is measured with the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia, a 17-item questionnaire designed to measure the fear associated with the chronic pain and movement. | Baseline before the intervention/pre-testing, at the 8th week of the intervention, within a week after the last training session, and three months after the end of the training (Follow-up period). |
| Dynamic Balace Performance | The Y balance test measures dynamic balance by measuring stability while reaching in three directions: anterior, posteromedial, and posterolateral. | Baseline before the intervention/pre-testing, at the 8th week of the intervention, within a week after the last training session, and three months after the end of the training (Follow-up period). |
| Hamstring Flexibility | The active knee extension test is a clinical measure of the hamstring flexibility. | Baseline before the intervention/pre-testing, at the 8th week of the intervention, within a week after the last training session, and three months after the end of the training (Follow-up period). |