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When the literature is examined, balance disorders, walking disorders and cognitive problems are frequently observed in Multiple Sclerosis(MS) patients. Using technologically supported equipment such as reaction systems, cognitive function measurements have been successfully performed in the elderly, and improvements in reaction times have been detected in athletes when used for training purposes. The primary aim of the study is to provide improvement in agility and cognitive functions in patients using a technology-supported reaction device. In addition, it aims to improve balance function assessed with static posturography and gait parameters assessed with gait analysis by increasing sensory input and shortening reaction time. As a result of the agility and cognitive training performed, we aim to provide improvement in MS-related quality of life and decrease in disability.
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated central nervous system disease characterized by inflammation, demyelination, and axonal damage. Myelin sheaths, oligodendrocytes, and to a lesser extent the axon and the nerve cell itself are damaged.Balance problems can be seen even in the early stages of MS. In the later stages of the disease, they are the primary cause of falls. Balance is defined as the body's ability to maintain its center of gravity with minimal sway. Approximately two-thirds of MS patients report balance or coordination problems that affect their daily lives.Gait impairment is common in MS patients. Walking speed, quality and endurance are the components of the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), which is most commonly used to monitor MS-related disability and disease progression.Inflammation and demyelination that develop during the MS process have significant effects on central nervous system functions, especially cognitive performance. Approximately 40-70% of people with multiple sclerosis have cognitive impairments such as slowed processing speed, impaired learning and memory functions, and deficits in executive functions. These symptoms affect patients' emotional well-being, work capacity, and quality of life (QoL).Reaction systems (Witty SEM, Microgate, Bolzano, Italia) are devices with computer-aided wireless lighting feature that evaluate and train various visual, cognitive and sensory-motor skills. It consists of an light emitting diode(LED) screen that displays different colors, numbers and characters. This technology is used for evaluation and special training for reactivity, agility and coordination.A total of 40 male and female individuals between the ages of 18-55 will be included in the study. Participants will be divided into two different groups as intervention and control in equal numbers. In both groups, the Brief International Cognitive Assessment for MS (BICAMS) battery, Berg Balance Scale, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) and Short Form-36 (SF-36) health questionnaire will be applied to the participants before the study. BICAMS is a battery consisting of the California Verbal Learning Test II (CVLT II), Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) and Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised (BVMTR) subscales used in the assessment of cognitive status in MS patients.In both groups, before the study, static posturography (HUR SMART BALANCE BTG4) will be used and the patients' balance-related measurements such as forward-backward and sideways swings, swing speeds during pressure, and measurements of the static balance scores provided by the device will be noted, respectively, in the eyes open normal ground - eyes closed normal ground - eyes open soft mat - eyes closed soft mat ground.In addition, using the pressure-gait analysis system (DIERS International GmbH, Schlangenbad, Germany), the participants will undergo pressure analysis and walking evaluation on a treadmill at a walking speed chosen by the patient between 2-5 km/h for approximately 20 seconds.The intervention group will be trained at a difficulty level appropriate to their individual levels to improve agility and cognitive functions using the reaction system 2 days a week for 2 months, and if the participant can easily perform the relevant training, the difficulty will be increased by one level. Each training session will last approximately 30 minutes. There will be no intervention in the control group. At the end of the 8 weeks, the scales, questionnaires and measurements made before the study will be repeated in both groups.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Training Group | Experimental | The intervention group will be trained with a difficulty appropriate to their individual levels for 2 months using the reaction system 2 days a week to improve agility and cognitive functions, and if the participant can easily perform the relevant training, the difficulty will be increased by one level. Agility training aims to reach the light side sensor with the hand in order and to do this within the specified time, and aims to speed up the participant's reaction time in the foreground. Cognitive training consists of different trainings such as finding the different image illuminated in 8 sensors, finding two identical signs, remembering the order in which the sensors light up, and touching the sensors in that order. These trainings aim to increase the participant's quick thinking and decision making, and to improve attention, visual memory, visual processing speed, and cognitive functions. Each training session will last approximately 30 minutes. |
|
| Control Group | No Intervention | The control group will not receive any intervention. They will be asked to continue their normal lives. |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wireless Lighting Reaction System Training(Agility plus Cognitive) | Other | Agility training and Cognitive trainings(cognitive trainings ready within the device: Eye for detail, Hawk eye, Juggle Factor) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Cognitive Functions | the Brief International Cognitive Assessment for Multiple Sclerosis (BICAMS) is a battery with demonstrated validity and reliability in Turkish, consisting of the California Verbal Learning Test II (CVLT II), Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) and Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised (BVMTR) subscales, used to assess cognitive status in MS patients SDMT: There is no lower or upper limit for scoring. A higher number of correct answers (higher scores) is associated with better results. CVLTII:The upper limit for scoring is 80. A higher number of correct answers (higher scores) is associated with better results. BVMTR:The score range is 0-12. Higher scores are associated with better outcomes. | 8th week |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Balance assessment | Berg Balance Scale: It is a scale consisting of 14 tests that measure the ability to maintain balance during different positions, postural changes and movement. The evaluation is based on the person's ability to perform each test independently and/or for a certain time or distance. The rating is made between 0 and 4 points (0: cannot do, 4: normal performance). The total score varies between 0 (dependent) and 56 (independent). High scores are associated with independent movement and low risk of falling. The validity and reliability of this scale has been shown in Turkish. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ege University Sport Medicine Clinic | Izmir | Bornova | Turkey (Türkiye) |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 22135709 | Background | Matsuda PN, Shumway-Cook A, Ciol MA, Bombardier CH, Kartin DA. Understanding falls in multiple sclerosis: association of mobility status, concerns about falling, and accumulated impairments. Phys Ther. 2012 Mar;92(3):407-15. doi: 10.2522/ptj.20100380. Epub 2011 Dec 1. | |
| 17086909 | Background | Martin CL, Phillips BA, Kilpatrick TJ, Butzkueven H, Tubridy N, McDonald E, Galea MP. Gait and balance impairment in early multiple sclerosis in the absence of clinical disability. Mult Scler. 2006 Oct;12(5):620-8. doi: 10.1177/1352458506070658. |
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| 8th week |
| Anxiety and Depression Status | HADS (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale): The scale is a self-report scale. It consists of 14 items, 7 of which investigate depression and 7 of which investigate anxiety symptoms. Responses are evaluated in a four-point Likert format and are scored between 0-3. It is often used for screening purposes. The scale can also be used to evaluate the change in the patient's emotional state. The score range for both subscales are 0-21 High scores indicate an increase in depression and/or anxiety. | 8th week |
| Fatigue Assessment | FSS (Fatigue Severity Scale): A nine-item scale designed to assess fatigue as a symptom of various chronic conditions and disorders. The scale addresses the effects of fatigue on daily functioning, questions its relationship to motivation, physical activity, work, family and social life, and asks participants to rate how easily they tire and the extent to which this causes problems for them. Participants respond to nine statements about fatigue on a scale ranging from 1 ("completely disagree") to 7 ("completely agree"). The score range for the test is 9-63. Higher scores on the scale indicate more severe fatigue.FSS measures the severity of fatigue and is widely used in multiple sclerosis patients. The validity and reliability of this scale in Turkish has been demonstrated. | 8th week |
| MS Quality of Life | SF-36 (Short Form 36): The SF-36 is a set of general, consistent, and easily administered quality of life measures. These measures are based on patient self-report. The SF-36 has eight subscales; scores are weighted sums of questions in each section, ranging from 0 to 100. Higher scores are associated with better quality of life. Validity and reliability have been demonstrated in Turkish | 8th week |
| Static Posture Assessment(Static Balance) | Static Posturography: Static posturography is based on the principle of measuring changes in the center of pressure on a stationary platform. In a calm posture, the body is normally held upright and the center of mass is elevated above the base of support provided by the feet. Although it is generally assumed that the center of pressure (COP) indicates the location of the body's center of mass, discrepancies between the two occur, especially during rapid or high-frequency components of movement. Static Balance Score: indicates the individual's ability to stand still with eyes open on a firm surface. It will be calculated automatically by the device and used as a reference for other measurements. Scoring ranges from 0 to 100. Higher scores are associated with better outcomes. | 8th week |
| Static Posture Assessment(Visual Dependency) | Static Posturography: Static posturography is based on the principle of measuring changes in the center of pressure on a stationary platform. In a calm posture, the body is normally held upright and the center of mass is elevated above the base of support provided by the feet. Although it is generally assumed that the center of pressure (COP) indicates the location of the body's center of mass, discrepancies between the two occur, especially during rapid or high-frequency components of movement. Visual Dependency Score: Visual Dependency Score indicates how closing the eyes can affect an individual's ability to stand still on a firm surface.With eyes closed, the effects of vision on balance are assessed.The score will be calculated automatically by the device. Scoring ranges from 0 to 100. Higher scores are associated with better outcomes. | 8th week |
| Static Posture Assessment(Proprioception Disturbance) | Static Posturography: Static posturography is based on the principle of measuring changes in the center of pressure on a stationary platform. In a calm posture, the body is normally held upright and the center of mass is elevated above the base of support provided by the feet. Although it is generally assumed that the center of pressure (COP) indicates the location of the body's center of mass, discrepancies between the two occur, especially during rapid or high-frequency components of movement. Proprioception Disturbance Score:indicates how much standing on a soft foam surface can affect the individual's ability to stand still with eyes open.With eyes open and on soft ground, rubber pads restrict the somatosensory system.The score will be calculated automatically by the device. Scoring ranges from 0 to 100. Higher scores are associated with better outcomes. | 8th week |
| Static Posture Assessment(Vestibular Dominant) | Static Posturography: Static posturography is based on the principle of measuring changes in the center of pressure on a stationary platform. In a calm posture, the body is normally held upright and the center of mass is elevated above the base of support provided by the feet. Although it is generally assumed that the center of pressure (COP) indicates the location of the body's center of mass, discrepancies between the two occur, especially during rapid or high-frequency components of movement. Vestibular Dominant Score:indicates how much closing eyes and standing on a soft surface can affect the individual's ability to stand still and balanced.With eyes closed and on the mat, only the vestibular system is worked on and evaluated.The score will be calculated automatically by the device. Scoring ranges from 0 to 100. Higher scores are associated with better outcomes. | 8th week |
| Gait Analysis(Step length) | The participants gait analysis will be performed using Diers pedogait. The participant will be asked to stand still on the treadmill at the beginning then walk of approximately 20 seconds at a speed chosen by the patient between 2-5 km/h. Diers pedoscan have been shown to be effective in detecting early-stage gait disorders in MS patients. Data to be evaluated after this measurement: Step length:During a gait cycle, the time from initial contact of one foot to initial contact of the opposite foot.Studies show a decrease in step length in people with MS compared to healthy controls. Pre- and post-intervention values will be compared | 8th week |
| Gait Analysis(Stride length) | The participants gait analysis will be performed using Diers pedogait. The participant will be asked to stand still on the treadmill at the beginning then walk of approximately 20 seconds at a speed chosen by the patient between 2-5 km/h. Diers pedoscan have been shown to be effective in detecting early-stage gait disorders in MS patients. Data to be evaluated after this measurement: Stride length:the distance covered between the spot where one foot hits the ground and the next time that same foot hits the ground again.Studies show a decrease in stride length in people with MS compared to healthy controls. Pre- and post-intervention values will be compared | 8th week |
| Gait Analysis(Step time) | The participants gait analysis will be performed using Diers pedogait. The participant will be asked to stand still on the treadmill at the beginning then walk of approximately 20 seconds at a speed chosen by the patient between 2-5 km/h. Diers pedoscan have been shown to be effective in detecting early-stage gait disorders in MS patients. Data to be evaluated after this measurement: Step time:the time from initial contact of one foot to initial contact of the opposite foot.The MS population displayed significantly longer step time in comparison to the healthy population.Pre- and post-intervention values will be compared | 8th week |
| Gait Analysis(Step width) | The participants gait analysis will be performed using Diers pedogait. The participant will be asked to stand still on the treadmill at the beginning then walk of approximately 20 seconds at a speed chosen by the patient between 2-5 km/h. Diers pedoscan have been shown to be effective in detecting early-stage gait disorders in MS patients. Data to be evaluated after this measurement: Step width:Stride width is measured either between the medial-most borders of the two heels or between lines through the midline of the two heels. Normal stride width for adults is between 1-3 inches (3-8 cm). Stride width often increases with gait instability.The people with MS demonstrated a significantly increased step width when compared to healthy controls when walking at a self-selected pace in the literature.Pre- and post-intervention values will be compared | 8th week |
| Gait Analysis(Cadence) | The participants gait analysis will be performed using Diers pedogait. The participant will be asked to stand still on the treadmill at the beginning then walk of approximately 20 seconds at a speed chosen by the patient between 2-5 km/h. Diers pedoscan have been shown to be effective in detecting early-stage gait disorders in MS patients. Data to be evaluated after this measurement: Cadence:is the number of steps taken per minute. People with the MS having a significantly reduced cadence in comparison to the healthy control population in the literature.Pre- and post-intervention values will be compared | 8th week |
| Gait Analysis(Percentage distribution of walking phases) | The participants gait analysis will be performed using Diers pedogait. The participant will be asked to stand still on the treadmill at the beginning then walk of approximately 20 seconds at a speed chosen by the patient between 2-5 km/h. Diers pedoscan have been shown to be effective in detecting early-stage gait disorders in MS patients. Data to be evaluated after this measurement: Stance, Swing and Double support phase: The percentage ratios of the specified phases in a gait cycle will be calculated.In the literature, the MS population has significantly increased double support time when compared to the healthy control group. A significant increase in time spent in the swing phase was noted in the healthy population when compared to MS.Pre- and post-intervention values will be compared | 8th week |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009103 | Multiple Sclerosis |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D020278 | Demyelinating Autoimmune Diseases, CNS |
| D020274 | Autoimmune Diseases of the Nervous System |
| D009422 | Nervous System Diseases |
| D003711 | Demyelinating Diseases |
| D001327 | Autoimmune Diseases |
| D007154 | Immune System Diseases |
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