The Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) is a widely used pain assessment tool for evaluating pain intensity and impact, suitable for chronic pain patients. It measures current, least, worst and average pain in the past 24 hours on a 0 - 10 scale (0=no pain, 10=extreme pain), and assesses pain's effect on 7 daily life aspects, scored 0 - 10 (0=no interference, 10=total interference). If a participant's BPI evaluation shows a pain condition and also meets these five criteria: (1) Pain arises or intensifies following surgery; (2) Pain persists for at least three months and impacts quality of life; (3)Pain occurs after a pain-free interval or evolves from ongoing acute postoperative pain; (4) Pain is localized to the surgical site or radiates to areas corresponding to the relevant nerve distribution; and (5) Other potential causes of pain are excluded.

The Richards-Campbell Sleep Questionnaire (RCSQ) is a prominent tool in sleep research and clinical practice for gauging sleep quality. It comprehensively evaluates sleep aspects from respondents' subjective views. Comprising multiple items, it covers sleep onset latency (time to fall asleep), sleep depth, sleep duration, and wake-up frequency at night. It may also involve related factors like sleep environment quality and sleep's impact on daily life. With specific questions and response options, individuals rate sleep experiences numerically or descriptively. Data from the RCSQ aids in diagnosing sleep disorders, evaluating treatment efficacy, and conducting sleep-related epidemiological studies. It is mainly intended for the assessment of short-term sleep conditions during hospitalization.

The Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) for pain is a commonly used tool in healthcare to gauge patients' pain intensity. It's a subjective measure where patients rate pain on a 0 - 10 scale. 0 means no pain; 10 is the worst imaginable pain. Scores 3 and below suggest mild pain with little impact, 4 - 6 moderate pain affecting daily life somewhat, and 7 and above severe pain needing prompt attention. It's practical for its simplicity. Medical staff can administer it quickly during consultations. Patients can easily understand and use it to convey pain feelings. This helps professionals evaluate pain severity, plan treatments, and monitor pain relief. Overall, the NRS is vital in pain assessment and management, enhancing medical care quality and patient comfort.

We will use Huawei smart wearable devices to assess the objective sleep conditions of patients. The definition of total sleep duration is as follows: Before the sleep on the first night before their surgery, a wearable sleep monitoring device was placed on the non-dominant wrist of each participant. The patients wore this sleep monitoring device throughout their hospitalization. The sleep monitoring period is from 20:00 to 20:00 the next day. The indicator of Wake-up time during sleep refers to the total time a person is awake after initially falling asleep. The deep sleep duration: According to Huawei's scientific sleep (TruSleep™) technology, the sleep status of patients is determined by analyzing data such as the patients' heart rate and body movements, and it is recorded.