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The effect of Virtual Reality on pain and memory.
The primary outcome measure was the participants' accuracy of remembering the pattern of a total of five pain stimuli per set. Using the Quantitative Sensory Testing "method of limits", each participant selected a temperature they found "painful but tolerable" that they were willing to receive several more times, later in the study. They then received a sequence of five brief stimuli to their wrist, with a brief inter-stimulus interval between each stimulus.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| No Virtual Reality | No Intervention | No Virtual Reality during painful stimuli | |
| Immersive VR | Experimental | immersive virtual reality during painful stimuli |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| distraction | Behavioral | distraction via virtual reality game named "Waltz of the Wizards" aka magic bowl. |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Pain Memory Recall Test | After each brief thermal stimulus set, participants were asked to recall the exact pattern of the most recent sequence of 5 brief thermal stimuli, recalled in exact order, via our five question "pain memory recall test" (min = 0%, max -= 100% correct). Lower % correct scores mean less accurate memory (poorer outcome). | After each brief pain stimulus set, participants performed a brief distractor task before completing the Pain Memory Recall Test. The Pain Memory Recall Test was completed within 5 minutes after each brief thermal stimulus set. |
| Participants subjective rating of the accuracy of their memory for painful stimuli | Using a graphic rating scale, on a scale from zero (min) to 10 (max), participants rated how accurately they could remember their pain during No Virtual Reality vs during Virtual Reality. Higher scores indicated higher accuracy and more positive outcome. | measured within 10 minutes after each pain stimulus set |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Presence ratings using Graphic Rating Scales | Participants rated their illusion of "being there" in the computer generated world, as if it was a place they were visiting, on a scale from zero to 10, where zero = none at all and 10 = "completely there". | measured within 10 minutes after participant was in virtual reality |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Hunter G Hoffman, Ph.D. | University of Washington | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| University of Washington | Seattle | Washington | 98195 | United States |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 42138978 | Derived | Hoffman HG, Flor H, Stacey BR, Tsymbaliuk I, Addai B, Mason KP. The Effect of Immersive Virtual Reality on Anterograde Amnesia and Subjective Pain During Procedures: A Within-Subject Randomized Controlled Study. Anesth Analg. 2026 Jul 1;143(1):182-191. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000007858. Epub 2026 May 15. |
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All data is already de-identified. Only de-identified data will be shared. The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study will be made available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. All de-identified IPD that underlie our results in a publication will be shared.
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Beginning 3 months after the publication of the results, and ending 3 years after the publication of results
All data is already de-identified. Only de-identified data will be shared. The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study will be made available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. All de-identified IPD that underlie our results in a publication will be shared.
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D010146 | Pain |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009461 | Neurologic Manifestations |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D019857 | Osteogenesis, Distraction |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001852 | Bone Lengthening |
| D019637 | Orthopedic Procedures |
| D013514 | Surgical Procedures, Operative |
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Using a repeated measures within-subject crossover design with treatment order randomized, with healthy volunteers,
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