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Patients undergoing ERCP have a wide range from patients with poor general condition and septicaemia findings to outpatients who come as day patients without any other additional disease. Rapid deterioration in vital signs may be encountered especially during sedation. In this patient group, it is important to titrate the anaesthetic agent at appropriate doses and to adjust the dose according to the patient.
The aim of the study is to optimise the level of sedation using 4-channel electroencephalography (EEG) in these patients, thus providing balanced anaesthesia and rapid recovery in this already challenging patient group.
Volunteers in the ASA (American Society of Anaesthesiology) I-II-III risk group, aged between 18-65 years, of both sexes, who will undergo ERCP procedure under elective conditions with routine preoperative examination will be included. Before the procedure, the study and all possible risks will be explained to all patients and informed consent will be obtained. Patient's age, weight, ASA value, chronic diseases will be recorded before the procedure. Patients will be divided into two groups. All patients will be routinely monitorised for ECG, non-invasive arterial blood pressure, SpO2, respiratory rate, end-tidal CO2 measurement. These values will be noted at five minute intervals. All patients will receive oxygen at 2 L/min through a nasal cannula. In the case group, in addition to routine monitoring, PSI value measurement will be performed by applying PSI electrodes after wiping the forehead with an alcohol sponge and drying it. All patients will be induced with Propofol at a dose of 1 mg/kg and maintained by infusion at a dose of 50-150 mcg/kg/min according to the patient's need. All procedures will be performed by a single gastroenterologist. In addition, an assessment will be made every five minutes according to the Ramsey Sedation Scale (RSS). An RSS of 2-3 is considered as light sedation and 4 as deep sedation. The duration of the procedure, duration of anaesthesia, total amount of anaesthetic given, time to awakening from anaesthesia (time until Ramsey Score: 1), recovery time (time until Aldrete Score: 10) will be noted.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| CASE GROUP | All patients will undergo routine monitoring, including ECG, blood pressure, SpO₂, respiratory rate, and end-tidal CO₂ measurements. 42 patients receiving EEG-based Patient State Index (PSI) monitoring to optimize sedation depth. PSI electrodes will be applied, and sedation levels will be adjusted accordingly. Oxygen will be administered at 2 L/min via a nasal cannula. Propofol will be used for sedation, with doses adjusted based on patient needs. Any complications that arise and the interventions performed will also be recorded. The procedure duration, total anesthesia duration, total anesthetic dosage, time to awakening from anesthesia (Ramsey Score: 1), and full recovery time (Aldrete Score: 10) will be recorded. | ||
| CONTROL GROUP | All patients will undergo routine monitoring, including ECG, blood pressure, SpO₂, respiratory rate, and end-tidal CO₂ measurements. 42 patients receiving standard clinical sedation monitoring without EEG guidance. Sedation levels will be assessed using the Ramsey Sedation Scale (RSS). Propofol will be used for sedation, with doses adjusted based on patient needs. Oxygen will be administered at 2 L/min via a nasal cannula. Additionally, sedation levels will be evaluated every five minutes using the Ramsey Sedation Scale (RSS). An RSS score of 2-3 will be classified as light sedation, while a score of 4 will indicate deep sedation. Any complications that arise and the interventions performed will also be recorded. The procedure duration, total anesthesia duration, total anesthetic dosage, time to awakening from anesthesia (Ramsey Score: 1), and full recovery time (Aldrete Score: 10) will be recorded. |
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| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Total Anesthetic Consumption | The total amount of propofol (mg/kg) administered during the ERCP procedure | From anesthesia induction to the end of sedation during the ERCP procedure |
| Recovery Time from Anesthesia | The time required for the patient to regain consciousness after anesthesia, defined as the time to reach Aldrete Score of 10 | Assessed at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, and 60 minutes post-anesthesia discontinuation, up to 60 minutes. |
| Sedation Depth Maintenance | The ability to maintain an optimal sedation level, defined as a Patient State Index (PSI) value around 50, throughout the ERCP procedure. Measurement Scale: Scale Used: Patient State Index (PSI) - Masimo SedLine Brain Function Monitor Score Range: 0 to 100 Interpretation: 0-12: Burst suppression (deep anesthesia) 25-50: Optimal sedation for general anesthesia >50: Light sedation or wakefulness Higher scores indicate lighter sedation, while lower scores indicate deeper sedation. | Sedation depth will be continuously monitored during the procedure and recorded at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, and 55 minutes (PSI Score). |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Hemodynamic Stability | Non-Invasive Arterial Blood Pressure (mmHg), including systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressure, measured using an automated non-invasive blood pressure monitor to compare intraoperative hemodynamic stability between the EEG-guided sedation group and the standard sedation group. | Continuously monitored during the ERCP procedure and recorded at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, and 55 minutes. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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Volunteer patients aged 18-65 years, of both sexes, with ASA I-II-III risk score, undergoing elective ERCP procedure
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Ayça Özcan | Ankara City Hospital Bilkent | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ankara Bilkent City Hospital | Ankara | Turkey (Türkiye) |
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| Hemodynamic Stability | Heart Rate (beats per minute), measured using standard ECG monitoring to compare intraoperative heart rate stability between the EEG-guided sedation group and the standard sedation group. | Continuously monitored during the ERCP procedure and recorded at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, and 55 minutes. |
| Hemodynamic Stability | Oxygen Saturation (SpO₂, %) measured using pulse oximetry to assess intraoperative oxygenation levels in patients undergoing EEG-guided sedation versus standard sedation during the ERCP procedure. | Continuously monitored during the ERCP procedure and recorded at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, and 55 minutes. |
| Hemodynamic Stability | Respiratory Rate (breaths per minute) measured using continuous respiratory monitoring to assess intraoperative respiratory stability in patients undergoing EEG-guided sedation versus standard sedation during the ERCP procedure. | Continuously monitored during the ERCP procedure and recorded at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, and 55 minutes. |
| Hemodynamic Stability | End-Tidal CO₂ (mmHg) measured using capnography to assess intraoperative ventilation status and respiratory function in patients undergoing EEG-guided sedation versus standard sedation during the ERCP procedure. | Continuously monitored during the ERCP procedure and recorded at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, and 55 minutes. |
| Incidence of Respiratory and Cardiovascular Complications | The frequency of complications such as hypoxia, apnea, bradycardia, and hypotension | During the ERCP procedure (intraoperative period) |
| Intervention Rate Due to Sedation-Related Instability | The need for additional interventions such as airway support, fluid therapy, vasopressors, or increased oxygen administration due to sedation-related complications | During the ERCP procedure (intraoperative period) |
| Time to Awakening from Anesthesia | The time taken for the patient to regain consciousness, defined as the time to reach Ramsey Sedation Score (RSS) of 1. Scale Used: Ramsey Sedation Scale (RSS) Score Range: 1 to 6 Interpretation: 1: Patient is awake, anxious, and agitated 2-3: Light sedation (responsive to verbal commands) 4: Deep sedation (responsive to light stimuli) 5-6: Unresponsive to stimuli (very deep sedation) Higher scores indicate deeper sedation, while lower scores indicate increased wakefulness. | Assessed at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, and 60 minutes post-anesthesia discontinuation, up to 60 minutes. |
| Total Procedure Duration | The overall time taken to complete the ERCP procedure | From the start to the completion of the ERCP procedure |