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This interventional study aims to design strategies to improve service quality and productivity in recreational sports facilities in Mashhad Municipality, focusing on creating an age-friendly city. The research consists of two parts: fieldwork and an experimental section.
Field Section:
Experimental Section:
Evaluate the impact of intergenerational sports activities on elderly participants (aged 60+). Participants were paired with younger individuals and randomly allocated to five groups, including a control group.
Group Tasks:
Control Group: 78 seniors continued daily routines without structured activities.
Experimental Groups:
Non-sport intergenerational interaction sessions (90 minutes, 3x/week).
Intergenerational yoga sessions (90 minutes, 3x/week).
Light aerobic exercises + group discussions (90 minutes, 3x/week).
Non-exercise intergenerational sessions in a park (90 minutes, 3x/week).
Non-exercise intergenerational sessions in a nursing home (90 minutes, 3x/week).
Field Study Sample:
384 customers of Mashhad Municipality sports facilities (192 women, 192 men).
Key Notes:
Main Questions:
1. Data Collection Instruments
The following questionnaires will be utilized to achieve the research objectives:
2. Study Population and Sample Selection
The study population includes two groups:
After collecting demographic data and completing questionnaires, elderly participants will be randomly assigned to three groups: two experimental groups and one control group. The sample size is based on experimental research designs, with a larger number selected to enhance generalizability and reduce dropout rates.
3. Limitations of the Study
Lack of accurate data on the number of active elderly individuals and their participation levels in regular sports activities.
Cultural barriers limiting women's participation in community activities.
Limited access to organizations specializing in elderly issues, restricting the ability to obtain a representative sample.
4. Ethical Considerations
Participants will be informed about the study's objectives and methodology before participation.
Informed consent will be obtained from all participants.
Confidentiality of personal information will be maintained.
Private interpretations of results will be offered to interested individuals.
No financial burden will be imposed on participants.
The study will comply with religious and cultural standards relevant to participants and the broader community.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Experimental Group 1 | Experimental |
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| Experimental Group 2 | Experimental |
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| Experimental Group 3 | Experimental |
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| Experimental Group 4 | Experimental |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intergenerational Activity Program: This indicates a program that involves activities designed for interaction between older adults and younger participants | Behavioral | Engage in 90-minute intergenerational interaction sessions, three times a week for three months, in a controlled indoor environment.
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| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Effects of Intergenerational Interventions on Quality of Life Effects of Intergenerational Interventions on Quality of Life Effects of Intergenerational Interventions on Quality of Life | Quality of Life (QOL) was assessed using the World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire (Short Form), a 26-item tool measuring four dimensions: physical health, psychological health, social relationships, and environment. Items are rated on a 6-point scale, with scores converted to a 0-100 scale. Higher scores indicate better QOL.
| Baseline and after a 3-month intervention period. |
| Effects of Intergenerational Interventions on Mental Health (General Health) | Mental health was assessed using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28), a 28-item tool evaluating physical symptoms, anxiety, social functioning, and depression. Items are scored from 0 to 3, with total scores ranging from 0-84. Higher scores indicate greater psychological distress. Pre-test Scores: Somatic symptoms: 4-21 Anxiety and sleep disorder: 2-21 Social function: 7-21 Depression symptoms: 9-21 Total: 29-70 Post-test Scores: Somatic symptoms: 5-21 Anxiety and sleep disorder: 1-21 Social function: 7-20 Depression symptoms: 7-21 Total: 30-68
| Baseline and after a 3-month intervention period. |
| Effects of Intergenerational Interventions on Depression Levels | Depression levels were measured using the Geriatric Depression Scale (Short Form), a 15-item binary response questionnaire specifically designed for the elderly. Scores range from 0-15, with higher scores indicating greater depression. Pre-test Scores: 8-15 Post-test Scores: 5-14 |
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Eligibility Criteria
Inclusion Criteria:
Elderly Participants:
Aged 60 years or older.
Ability to engage in physical activities.
Absence of sensory or motor disabilities.
No use of antidepressant medications.
No history of conditions such as Alzheimer's or other illnesses that could pose risks during exercise.
Younger Participants:
Aged 20 to 24 years.
Unmarried.
Living with their parents.
Native residents of Mashhad.
Exclusion Criteria:
Irregular attendance (more than two absences).
Physical or psychological issues hindering participation.
Lack of willingness to continue.
This study is open to all self-identified genders. Participants aged 60 years and older will be recruited equally from all gender identities, ensuring inclusivity and representation. For the young participants aged 20 to 24 years from Islamic Azad University, both male and female individuals, regardless of gender identity, are eligible to participate.
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Dr. Zinat Ebrahimi, Professor | Physical Education and Sport, Islamic Azad Sanandaj, Iran. | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran. | Sanandaj | Kurdistan Province | 0098 | Iran | ||
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| Background | Ebrahimi, Zinat. Helen Nazary, Parivash Piraki. (2023). The Service Quality of Sport-entertainment Facilities of Mashhad Municipality with the Approach of an Elderly-friendly City in 2018 (Persian). Journal of Gerontology (joge), 7(4): 89-100. DOI: 10.22034/JOGE.7.4.8. https://joge.ir/article-1-618-fa.html | ||
| Background | Veisi, K. Ismailzadeh Ghandehary, M.R. Ebrahimi, Z. (2023). Comparing the Effectiveness of Interventions of Intergenerational Interaction and Physical Activities on Depression of Elderly Women and Men (Persian). Journal of Gerontology (joge). 8(1): 10-19. https://joge.ir/article-1-620-fa.html | ||
| Background | Ebrahimi Z, Esmaeilzadeh Ghandehary MR, Veisi K. Comparing the efficacy of Yoga exercise and intergenerational interaction program on mental health of elderly. J Research & Health2019; 9(5): 401- 410. | ||
| 29355886 |
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Due to persistent technical difficulties in providing a functional web address for the IPD sharing plan on the clinical trial site, interested parties are encouraged to contact zin368@gmail.com for further information. We have encountered issues that prevent the proper display or access of the sharing link, necessitating this alternative means of communication.
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This study employs a Parallel Group interventional study model within a semi-experimental design framework. The methodology consists of two descriptive-correlational studies and a pre-test/post-test design with a control group.
Research Design Participants were randomly assigned to six distinct groups: five experimental groups focused on different activities (intergenerational interaction, yoga exercises, exercise and interaction, park activities, and nursing home interaction) and one control group that maintained regular daily activities. This design allows for direct comparison of outcomes across groups and effectively assesses the interventions' relative effectiveness.
Study Population and Sample Selection The study targeted elderly individuals aged 60 years and older, totaling 22,481, along with young participants aged 20 to 24 from Islamic Azad University. A cluster sampling method was employed to recruit 180 elderly participants, evenly divided by gender, along with 150 young
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In addition to the roles specified above (Participant and Outcomes Assessor), the following parties are also masked in this clinical trial:
This masking strategy helps maintain the integrity of the trial and reduces the risk of bias impacting the outcomes.
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| Experimental Group 5 | Experimental |
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| Control Group | Other |
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| Yoga and Mindfulness Sessions | Behavioral | Participate in 90-minute intergenerational yoga sessions, three times a week for three months, in a gym setting.
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| Physical Exercise and Storytelling | Behavioral | Engage in 60-minute light aerobic exercises, three times a week for three months, in a park setting.
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| Outdoor Interaction Games | Behavioral | Participate in 90-minute intergenerational interaction sessions, three times a week for three months, in a park setting.
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| Social Visits to Nursing Homes | Behavioral | Engage in 90-minute intergenerational interaction sessions, three times a week for three months, in a nursing home setting.
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| control group | Other | Continue with their daily routines without participating in any intergenerational interaction or structured activities.
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| Measurements were taken at baseline and after a 3-month intervention period. |
| Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Faculty of Humanities and Literature, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran. |
| Sanandaj |
| Kurdistan Province |
| 6616947455 |
| Iran |
| Eshun-Wilson I, Siegfried N, Akena DH, Stein DJ, Obuku EA, Joska JA. Antidepressants for depression in adults with HIV infection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Jan 22;1(1):CD008525. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008525.pub3. |
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| 30627555 | Background | Santini S, Tombolesi V, Baschiera B, Lamura G. Intergenerational Programs Involving Adolescents, Institutionalized Elderly, and Older Volunteers: Results from a Pilot Research-Action in Italy. Biomed Res Int. 2018 Dec 5;2018:4360305. doi: 10.1155/2018/4360305. eCollection 2018. |
| 25010219 | Background | Murayama Y, Ohba H, Yasunaga M, Nonaka K, Takeuchi R, Nishi M, Sakuma N, Uchida H, Shinkai S, Fujiwara Y. The effect of intergenerational programs on the mental health of elderly adults. Aging Ment Health. 2015;19(4):306-14. doi: 10.1080/13607863.2014.933309. Epub 2014 Jul 10. |
| 30727981 | Background | Murayama Y, Murayama H, Hasebe M, Yamaguchi J, Fujiwara Y. The impact of intergenerational programs on social capital in Japan: a randomized population-based cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2019 Feb 6;19(1):156. doi: 10.1186/s12889-019-6480-3. |
| 30823911 | Background | Mosor E, Waldherr K, Kjeken I, Omara M, Ritschl V, Pinter-Theiss V, Smolen J, Hubel U, Stamm T. An intergenerational program based on psycho-motor activity promotes well-being and interaction between preschool children and older adults: results of a process and outcome evaluation study in Austria. BMC Public Health. 2019 Mar 1;19(1):254. doi: 10.1186/s12889-019-6572-0. |
| 18537197 | Background | Luanaigh CO, Lawlor BA. Loneliness and the health of older people. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2008 Dec;23(12):1213-21. doi: 10.1002/gps.2054. |
| 21615702 | Background | Kamei T, Itoi W, Kajii F, Kawakami C, Hasegawa M, Sugimoto T. Six month outcomes of an innovative weekly intergenerational day program with older adults and school-aged children in a Japanese urban community. Jpn J Nurs Sci. 2011 Jun;8(1):95-107. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-7924.2010.00164.x. Epub 2010 Dec 9. |
| 26251869 | Background | Halpin SN, Dillard RL, Idler E, Clevenger C, Rothschild E, Blanton S, Wilson J, Flacker JM. The benefits of being a senior mentor: Cultivating resilience through the mentorship of health professions students. Gerontol Geriatr Educ. 2017 Jul-Sep;38(3):283-294. doi: 10.1080/02701960.2015.1079707. Epub 2015 Aug 7. |
| 39449376 | Background | Di Martino G, Della Valle C, Centorbi M, Buonsenso A, Fiorilli G, Crova C, di Cagno A, Calcagno G, Iuliano E. Bridging Generations Through Movement: "How and Why" Intergenerational Programs Operate-A Systematic and Narrative Review. Geriatrics (Basel). 2024 Oct 22;9(6):139. doi: 10.3390/geriatrics9060139. |
| 12182924 | Background | Bruce ML. Psychosocial risk factors for depressive disorders in late life. Biol Psychiatry. 2002 Aug 1;52(3):175-84. doi: 10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01410-5. |
| Background | Barbosa, M. R., Campinho, A., & Silva, G. (2021). "give and receive": The impact of an intergenerational program on institutionalized children and older adults. Journal of Intergenerational Relationships, 19(3), 283-304. |
| Background | Au, A., Ng, E., Garner, B., Lai, S., & Chan, K. (2015). Proactive aging and intergenerational mentoring program to promote the well-being of older adults: pilot studies. Clinical Gerontologist, 38(3), 203-210. |
| 39926288 | Background | Alonso-Cortes Fradejas B, Lafuente-Ureta R, Calvo S, Fernandez-Gorgojo M, Poveda-Lopez JL, Jimenez-Sanchez C. Analysis of an intergenerational service-learning experience based on physical exercise in a community setting: a mixed-method study. Front Public Health. 2025 Jan 14;12:1509016. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1509016. eCollection 2024. |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000092862 | Psychological Well-Being |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D010549 | Personal Satisfaction |
| D001519 | Behavior |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D015013 | Yoga |
| D015444 | Exercise |
| D035061 | Control Groups |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D026441 | Mind-Body Therapies |
| D000529 | Complementary Therapies |
| D013812 | Therapeutics |
| D026443 | Spiritual Therapies |
| D026241 | Exercise Movement Techniques |
| D026741 | Physical Therapy Modalities |
| D009043 | Motor Activity |
| D009068 | Movement |
| D009142 | Musculoskeletal Physiological Phenomena |
| D055687 | Musculoskeletal and Neural Physiological Phenomena |
| D015340 | Epidemiologic Research Design |
| D004812 | Epidemiologic Methods |
| D008919 | Investigative Techniques |
| D012107 | Research Design |
| D008722 | Methods |
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