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The aim of the study is to investigate the effect of liquid versus semi-solid meals on the regulation of energy balance in healthy young adults.The main questions it aims to answer are:
Researchers will compare a protein-rich liquid meal to an isocaloric oatmeal with matched macronutrient composition to answer the first question. Researchers will compare a protein-rich liquid meal + oatmeal to a noncaloric softdrink (water with sucralose and flavoring) + oatmeal to answer the second question.
Participants will:
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| isocaloric preload | Experimental | In this arm of the study, participants receive two different isocaloric preloads for breakfast, one as a liquid meal and one as oatmeal. |
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| ad libitum preload | Experimental | In this arm of the study, participants are given two different isovolumetric drinks as a preload in addition to an ad libitum oatmeal breakfast. One drink is a liquid meal, the other is a non-caloric soft drink (water, sucralose, flavour). |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| liquid meal | Other | An isocaloric amount (500 kcal) of a commercially available liquid meal with a matched macronutrient composition is consumed. After 5 hours, lunch is eaten ad libitum. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| ad libitum energy intake | measured during preload and lunch [kcal] following the preload in both arms | for 9 hours after the consumption of the preloads |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| gastric emptying | gastric half-emptying time [min] determined with 13C-sodium acetate breath test, only assessed during arm "isocaloric preload" | for 4 hours after the consumption of the isocaloric preloads |
| eating rate at lunch |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
female, male
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Anja Bosy-Westphal, PhD, MD | University of Kiel, Department of Human Nutrition | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kiel University, Institute of Human Nutrition | Kiel | Germany |
Due to the privacy statement in the subject information form, data may not be publicly available but might be available upon reasonable request.
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The trial consists of two arms, each with two interventions. All participants will receive all interventions.
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Blinding of participants to the actual primary outcome parameters to avoid energy intake bias
| semi-solid meal | Other | An isocaloric amount (500 kcal) of a commercially available semi-solid oatmeal with a matched macronutrient composition is consumed. After 5 hours, lunch is eaten ad libitum. |
|
| caloric drink + semi-solid meal | Other | A predefined amount of a caloric drink (= liquid meal) together with an ad libitum amount of a semi-solid meal is consumed. After 5 hours, lunch is eaten ad libitum. |
|
| non-caloric drink + semi-solid meal | Other | A predefined amount of a non-caloric drink (= water, sucralose, flavor) together with an ad libitum amount of a semi-solid meal is consumed. After 5 hours, lunch is eaten ad libitum. |
|
assessed during ad libitum lunch [g/min] following the preload in both arms
| at 5 hours after consumption of the preload |
| number of chews per bite at lunch | assessed during ad libitum lunch [number] following the preload in both arms | at 5 hours after consumption of the preload |
| serum ghrelin concentrations | area under the serum ghrelin concentration curve over 3 hours | for 3 hours after consumption of the isocaloric preloads |
| serum peptide-YY (PYY) concentrations | area under the serum PYY concentration curve over 3 hours | for 3 hours after consumption of the isocaloric preloads |
| serum Glucagon-like Peptide 1 (GLP-1) concentrations | area under the serum GLP-1 concentration curve over 3 hours | for 3 hours after consumption of the isocaloric preloads |
| energy expenditure | Measured as kcal for 9.5 hours in a whole room indirect calorimeter (WRIC), including the consumption of the preload and the ad libitum lunch. | measured for 9.5 hours |
| macronutrient oxidation | Measured as respiratory exchange ratio (RER) for 9.5 hours in a whole room indirect calorimeter (WRIC), including the consumption of the preload and the ad libitum lunch. | measured for 9.5 hours |