The goal of this clinical trial is to evaluate the effectiveness of REVISE (REalidad Virtual Inmersiva y SExualidad), an immersive virtual reality (IVR) intervention designed to promote empathy and reduce sexual harassment behaviors in heterosexual cisgender men.

The main questions that this study aims to answer are as follows.

Does experiencing gender swapping in IVR increase empathy towards survivors of sexual harassment?

Does the intervention modify attitudes toward gender roles and sexual harassment?

Researchers will compare the three experimental groups to evaluate the effects of IVR:

1. Identity Exchange Group with Exposure to Sexual Harassment: Participants embodied their partner's identity in a VR harassment scenario.
2. Identity Exchange Group without Harassment Exposure: Participants embodied their partner's identity in a neutral VR scenario.
3. Third-person Observer Group: Participants observe a harassment scenario in VR from their own perspective.

Participants will:

1. Attend one virtual reality session in a laboratory setting.
2. Undergo pre- and post-intervention assessments and a three-month follow-up.
3. Complete self-report questionnaires and physiological measures (eye tracking and pupillometry).
4. Participate in semi-structured interviews about their experiences. This study aims to explore how immersive VR embodiment can be used as a tool for gender violence prevention by fostering perspective-taking and behavioral change.

This study is a randomized controlled trial (RCT) designed to evaluate the efficacy of REVISE (REalidad Virtual Inmersiva y SExualidad), an immersive virtual reality (IVR) intervention, to promote empathy and reduce sexual harassment behaviors in heterosexual cisgender men. This study will assess whether experiencing sexual harassment from a first-person perspective using IVR embodiment techniques can lead to changes in attitudes and behaviors related to gender roles and sexual violence.

Study Design

• Design: Randomized controlled trial (RCT) with a 1:1:1 allocation ratio.

• Population: 90 heterosexual cisgender couples (180 participants) aged 18-39 years.

• Study Setting: This study will be conducted in a controlled laboratory environment at the Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation Hub of the Universitat Oberta de Catalunya (UOC), equipped with advanced VR and physiological tracking technologies.

• Conditions:

  1. Identity Exchange with Exposure to Sexual Harassment (Experimental Condition 1)
  2. Identity Exchange without Harassment Exposure (Experimental Condition 2) 3. Third-person Observer Condition (Control Group)

• Intervention Duration: One VR session (~60 minutes) with pre- and post-intervention assessments and a three-month follow-up.

Intervention Procedures

1. Pre-intervention assessment

   • Participants complete self-report questionnaires measuring empathy, gender role attitudes, and harassment perceptions.
   • Baseline physiological measures (eye tracking and pupillometry) are recorded. - Participants are assigned to one of the three conditions.

2. VR Intervention:

   • Participants undergo a mirror embodiment task to establish a sense of virtual body ownership.
   • The male participant embodies his female partner's avatar in a VR scenario (conditions 1 and 2).
   • Participants experience the designated VR scenario (harassment, neutral, or observational).
   • Physiological responses are collected in real time.

3. Post-intervention assessment

   • Participants complete self-report measures to assess changes in empathy and gender attitudes.
   • Physiological data analysis (pupil dilation and eye gaze fixation) is conducted. - Semi-structured interviews explore subjective experiences.

4. Three-month follow-up:

   • Participants complete longitudinal measures to assess sustained behavioral and attitudinal changes.

Outcome Measures

1. Primary Outcome: Change in empathy scores (Interpersonal Reactivity Index). 2. Secondary Outcomes:

• Gender role attitudes (Ambivalent Sexism Inventory).
• Dyadic relationship quality and flourishing
• Harassment-related attitudes - Eye-tracking and pupillometry responses during VR.
• Qualitative insights from the post-intervention interviews.

Sample Size Justification A sample of 90 couples (180 individuals) was determined based on an estimated effect size of d = 0.5, an alpha risk of 0.05, and a power of 0.86. Participants will be randomized using block randomization (block sizes of 3 or 6) to ensure balance across the conditions.

Data Management and Quality Assurance

1. Data Collection

   • Self-reported data will be collected using secure online survey tools.
   • Physiological data will be automatically recorded using VR-compatible eye-tracking and pupillometry systems.

2. Data Validation and Security

   • The dataset will undergo automatic range checks to detect anomalies.
   • Double data entry procedures will be implemented for self-report responses.
   • Only authorized researchers will have access to identifiable data, stored on encrypted servers.

3. Missing Data Handling:

   • Missing values will be addressed using multiple imputation techniques.
   • Sensitivity analyses will be conducted to determine the impact of the missing data.

Statistical Analysis Plan

1. Primary Analysis:

   - Repeated measures ANOVA will assess within- and between-group differences in empathy scores over time.

2. Secondary Analyses:

   • Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) will model longitudinal changes in gender attitudes.
   • Mixed-effects models will analyze physiological responses (eye tracking and pupil dilation).
   • Qualitative data from the interviews will be subjected to thematic analysis using NVivo software.

Ethical Considerations

• The study has received approval from the Research Ethics Committee of the Universitat Oberta de Catalunya.
• Participants will provide informed consent prior to participation.
• Psychological debriefing and support resources will be available to participants.

Dissemination Plan

The findings will be as follows:

• Peer-reviewed journal publications.
• Academic conferences in psychology, gender studies, and VR research.
• Open science repositories for data transparency.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Participants must be between 18 and 39 years old.
• Couples must have been in a romantic relationship for at least six months.
• Both partners must provide explicit informed consent to participate.
• Participants must be able to read and write in Spanish to ensure comprehension of the study materials.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Individuals with any physical condition that may hinder the use of VR equipment (e.g., epilepsy or severe motion sickness).
• Individuals with a history of sexual harassment or problematic substance use, including drug or alcohol abuse.
• Individuals experiencing significant mental health difficulties that require intensive treatment.
• Participants with prior exposure to similar VR-based gender perspective-taking interventions.

This study is open to heterosexual cisgender couples, where the male partner identifies as cisgender man and the female partner identifies as cisgender woman. Both partners must be in a romantic relationship at the time of participation. Individuals who identify as non-binary, transgender, or gender non-conforming are not eligible for this study, as the intervention specifically focuses on gender-based perspective-taking between cisgender men and women.

Individual participant data (IPD) will not be shared because of privacy and confidentiality concerns, as the study involves sensitive topics related to sexual harassment and gender identity. Given the nature of the intervention and the potential risk of re-identification, all collected data will be stored securely and will only be accessible to the research team in accordance with institutional ethical guidelines and data protection regulations (e.g., GDPR). Aggregated results will be published in peer-reviewed journals, but the raw participant-level data will remain confidential.