This group receives the active treatment of peripheral sensory electrical stimulation along with the hand function training program, making it the experimental group being tested for its effects on improving hand function in stroke patients.

This is because this group is receiving a different active treatment (alternating EMG stimulation) along with hand function training, and it is being compared to the other active treatment (sensory electrical stimulation) in Group A. Both groups are experimental, but Group B serves as a comparison to Group A in the study.

Group C only receives the designed hand function training program and does not receive any form of electrical stimulation, the electrodes are used, but no active stimulation is delivered. It serves as the control group for comparison against the experimental treatments in Groups A and B.

Sensory electrical stimulation, Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) involves delivering electrical current through electrodes placed on the skin to manage pain. It can be applied at different frequencies, ranging from low (50 Hz). The intensity can be adjusted from sensory to motor levels. Sensory intensity is when the patient experiences a strong yet comfortable sensation without triggering muscle contraction

assessment tool to evaluate the hand and arm function in individuals with stroke. It is often used to measure improvements in motor function, particularly for tasks like grasping, gripping, and other fine motor skills. It consists of 19 items assessing different aspects of arm and hand function, including tasks like reaching, grasping, and lifting objects. These tasks are scored, and the total score reflects the level of motor recovery and functional ability.

is a widely used tool to assess spasticity, or increased muscle tone, in individuals with neurological conditions like stroke. It measures the resistance of a muscle to passive movement and helps evaluate the degree of spasticity in the affected limbs. MAS Scoring (for elbow, wrist, and shoulder): 0: No increase in muscle tone. 1: Slight increase in muscle tone, manifested by a catch and release or minimal resistance at the end of the range of motion.

1+: Slight increase in muscle tone, manifested by a catch followed by minimal resistance throughout the remainder of the range of motion.

2: More marked increase in muscle tone through most of the range of motion, but the affected part(s) can still be easily moved.

3: Considerable increase in muscle tone, making passive movement difficult. 4: Affected part(s) rigid in flexion or extension.

The Medical Research Council (MRC) Scale is a widely used method to assess muscle strength in different muscle groups, and to evaluate the strength of the fingers and wrist in stroke patients as part of this study.

The MRC Scale is a 6-point grading system used to measure muscle strength. Grade 0: No contraction - There is no visible or palpable muscle contraction. Grade 1: Trace contraction - A slight contraction can be felt, but no movement occurs.

Grade 2: Active movement, but not against gravity - The muscle can move the joint, but not against gravity.

Grade 3: Active movement against gravity - The muscle can move the joint against gravity but not against resistance.

Grade 4: Active movement against some resistance - The muscle can move the joint against resistance but is weaker than normal strength.

Grade 5: Normal strength - The muscle can move the joint against full resistance with no weakness.