The goal of this study is to examine attentional biases for facial displays of emotion as a mechanism of risk in infants of mothers with postpartum major depression, and the potential role of infant arousal in the development of these attentional biases.

As part of the study protocol, infants will complete a computer-based task in which they view facial displays of emotion (angry, happy, sad, neutral) while an eye tracker records their gaze. Mother and infants will also complete a standardized interaction task during which the investigators assess infant gaze and psychophysiology. The task consists of three stages, each of which lasts three minutes. For the first stage (Free Play 1), infants sit in a highchair and mothers are asked to play with their baby as they normally would, without any toys or other objects. In the second stage (Sad), mothers are asked to think about times when they are sad or depressed and do not feel able to effectively play with their child. Mothers are instructed to look at their child but speak in a monotone and minimize body movement or any physical contact with the infant. In the third stage (Free Play 2), mothers again interact with their infants normally for three minutes. These two tasks are consistent with the definition of a Basic Experimental Study in Humans (BESH).

Inclusion Criteria:

• The high-risk group (n = 150) will consist of women with at least one episode of MDD since their baby's birth.
• To qualify for the low-risk group (n = 75), women cannot have a history of any depressive disorder or any current psychiatric diagnoses.
• Infants will be required to be singleton children born full-term (> 37 weeks) and normal weight (> 2,500 grams) with no birth complications or health problems to avoid medical complications contributing to infants' attention, reactivity, and regulation measures.
• The two groups will be matched on demographic factors (e.g., age, race/ethnicity, income).

Exclusion Criteria:

• Additional exclusion criteria are diagnoses of alcohol or substance use disorders currently or at any point during pregnancy, or lifetime history of bipolar or psychotic disorders.

Individual participant data will be shared via the NIMH Data Archive (NDA). All data will be de-identified prior to submission to the repository, but the information needed to generate a global unique identifier for the NDA will be collected for each subject.

All data will be deposited to NDA starting 12 months after the award begins and will be deposited every six months thereafter following the usual NDA data submission dates.

Data will be findable for the research community through the NDA Collection that established when this application was funded. For all publications, an NDA study will be created. Each of those studies is assigned a digital object identifier (DOI). This data DOI will be referenced in the publication to allow the research community easy access to the exact data used in the publication.